SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION

GUIDED BY : PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY :

KARAN PRAJAPATI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
(23014171003)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
M.TECH CIVIL ENGINEERING
U.V PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING )
GANPAT UNIVERSITY
 NEED FOR STUDY

 Accurate Structural Design and Performance

 Seismic Response and Earthquake Safety
 Dynamic Load Analysis
 Foundation Optimization
 Requirement of Risk Mitigation
 Accounting for Nonlinear Behaviour
 OBJECTIVE

 To analyze the effects of different soil types on the structural behavior of Tall Buildings
 To study the dynamic response of tall buildings due to soil-structure interaction under Seismic Loads
 To assess the impact of foundation design on soil-structure interaction for Tall Buildings
 To develop computational models for simulating soil-structure interaction in Tall Building
 To investigate mitigation techniques for reducing adverse soil-structure interaction effects in Tall Buildings
 SCOPE OF WORK

•1. Soil Characterization

•2. Structural Modelling of the Building
•3. Soil Modelling
•4. Soil-Structure Interaction Model
•5. Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction
•6. Analysis of Foundation Response
•7. Iteration and Model Refinement
•8. Post-Analysis Checks
•9. Final Reporting
 INTRODUCTION

•The study of soil-structure interaction (SSI) is related to the field of earthquake engineering. It is very important to note that
the structural response is mainly due to the soil-structure interaction forces that brings an impact on the structure. This is a
form of seismic excitation. A committee of engineering research deals with the study of soil-structure interaction only when
these forces brings an appreciable effect on the basement motion when we are comparing it with the free-field ground
motion. The free-field ground motion can be defined as the motion recorded on the surface of the soil, without the
involvement of the structure. The structural response to an earthquake is highly dependent on the interactions between three
linked systems,

1. The structure
2. The Foundation
3. The underlying soil
• The soil-structure interaction analysis is the method of evaluating the collective response of the three linked systems
mentioned above for a specified ground motion. The soil-structure interaction can be defined as the process in which
the response from the soil influences the motion of the structure and the motion of the given structure affects the
response from the soil. This is a phenomenon in which the structural displacements and the ground displacements are
independent to each other. Soil-structure force are mainly interaction forces that can occur for every structure. But
these are not able to change the soil motion in all conditions.

 Considerations in Soil-Structure Interaction Effects

•A structure, when analysed by considering its foundation to be rigid, is said to have no soil-structure interaction effects.
Now, this case is considered even if the interaction force impacts the foundation. The influence on the soil motion by the
interaction forces will depend upon:

 The magnitude of the force

 The flexibility of the soil foundation
• The base mat acceleration and the inertia of the structure can be used to estimate the value of interaction forces. The
heavier the structure the more is the soil-structure interaction effects for a particular soil site and for a given free-field
seismic excitation. Most of the civil structure, whether it is lying on the hard or medium soil does not show any sign
of SSI effects. As mentioned above, the SSI effects are more dealt with heavy structures that includes hydraulic
structures like dams, nuclear power plants (NPP) reactor buildings. We can conclude that the soil interaction in
earthquake engineering study was mainly developed and applied for these fields of construction industry. Another
condition considered the soil-structure interaction effects are the soil flexibility. Softer is the soil, more is the chances
for the occurrence of SSI effects. This is for a given structure and a site that have a free-field seismic excitation.
Hence the main characteristic of soil stiffness can be considered to be the shear wave velocity.

 If Vs < 300m/s then the soil is considered to be soft.

 If Vs > 800m/s then the soil is considered to be hard.
 If Vs > 1100m/s then the soil is considered to be rigid.
 Soil-Structure Interaction and Structural Response

•Based on conventional theories it has been said that the soil structure interaction has effects that are beneficial for the
structural response. Most of the design codes for structures recommends neglecting the effect of SSI in the seismic
analysis of the structure. This recommendation is because of the false myth that the SSI brings good response of the
structure and hence have chances to increase the safety margins. More flexible structural design can be obtained if we
consider the effects of soil structure interaction. This helps in increasing the natural period of the structure. This
provides an improved structure when compared to a corresponding rigid structure. Incorporation of SSI effects on the
structural design helps in increasing the damping ratio of the structure. This study is limited or neglected for
conservative design procedures. The SSI analysis is very complicated in nature. The neglection will reduce the
complexity in the analysis of the structures. This means that the myth put forward that the SSI effects are good for
structures is not true. In fact, SSI can bring detrimental effects to structures. Neglecting SSI effect can bring unsafe
design of the superstructure and the substructure.
 What are the effects of Soil Structure Interaction?

•The effects of the SSI are more focused on its detrimental effects. As mentioned, even if studies have told that the
design based on soil structure interaction increases the time period, increase in time period is not always a beneficial
factor. There is elongation of seismic waves when it is on a site of soft soil sediments. This results in the increase of the
natural period hence leading to resonance. This happens with a long period vibration. If the natural period increases, the
demand for ductility also increases. This may result in permanent deformation and soil failure that will further worsen
the structural seismic response. A structure under the action of seismic force, there is interaction between the soil and
foundation which brings changes in the ground motion. The soil structure interaction can have three types of phenomena
or effects They are:

1. Kinematic Interaction
2. Inertial Interaction
3. Soil Foundation flexibility effects
Kinematic Interaction

•The soil displacement caused by the earthquake ground motion is called as the free-field motion. This free field motion
is not followed by the foundation that is located on the soil. The kinematic interaction is caused by the inability of the
foundation to sink with the free field motion of the ground.

Inertial Interaction

•The additional deformation caused in the soil due to the transmission of inertial force to the soil by the superstructure is
called as the inertial interaction. When the ground shaking is of low level, the kinematic effect of SSI is more prominent.
This results in the lengthening of period and there is increase in the radiation damping. When stronger shaking
commences, the radiation damping is limited by the soil modulus degradation in the near field and the soil pile gaping.
At this situation, the inertial damping is more prominent. This will hence cause excessive displacements near the ground
surface. This will bring damage of the pile foundations. The study and researchers from the past and recent earthquakes
show that the overall response of the structure is affected by the:
 Response from the foundation
 Response from the soil

The SSI have become great cause in the collapse of large structures when subjected to earthquake. These include the
Hanshin Expressway, in 1995 due to the Kobe earthquake. Following are the factors to which the above-mentioned
effects are related to:

Stiffness and Damping of the foundation

•When a vibrating structure develops inertia force it give rise to moments, torsion and base shear. These are the forces
that brings displacements and rotation in the interface between the soil and the foundation. The formed displacement
and the rotation is a result of flexibility lying in the soil and the foundation. This flexibility is the basic reason for whole
structural stability. The displacements created results in energy dissipation. This affects the overall system damping. As
all these effects are more rooted with the structural inertia it is called as the inertial interaction effects. Variations
Existing Between the Free-field motions and the foundation input motions These motions can differ because of the:
 Kinematic Interaction
 Relative displacements between the foundation and free field

•The foundation motions are created by the stiff foundation elements that are placed either above or below the ground
surface. This is done to have deviation from the free field motion, in the absence of structure and the foundation inertia
forms the kinematic Interaction.

Foundation Deformation

•The forces and the displacements applied on the foundation elements by the superstructure or the soil medium results in
the flexural, axial and shear deformations. These parameters are the demands for which the components of the
foundation must be designed. These effects are more significant in the case of foundation like rafts and piles.

Analysis in Soil Structure Interaction

•The above-mentioned interactions can be measured by two methods of analysis. They are the:

1. Direct Analysis
2. Substructure Approach
Direct Analysis in Soil Structure Interaction

•In this type of analysis, the soil and the structure is used in the same model for analysis. They are analyzed as a
complete system. As shown in figure-2 below, the soil system is represented as a continuum. One such example is by the
representation of finite elements.

Finite elements

•This method is rarely used in practice as it involves large computation and is very complex to analyze.

Substructure Approach in Soil Structure Interaction

•The soil structure interaction activity is divided into two parts. These are later combined to form a complete solution for
the problem. In this approach, a model is generated with certain requirements:

 Free-field motions and the corresponding soil properties is evaluated

 The transfer functions are evaluated to convert the free-field motion to the foundation input motion
 Springs and the dashpots are incorporated. The springs represent the stiffness and the
dashpots represent damping at the soil and foundation interface
 Response analysis of the combined structure