Assignment: COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
Chapter : 01
Submitted to: MAM SHAILA
Submitted by: Group 01
GROUP MEMBERS:
01: UMM E RUBAB
02: SHANZA RIAZ
03: PARI ZAFFAR
04: AFSHAN AZAM
05: SANA ZAHOOR
06: SAIRA BIBI
07: ASMA BIBI
08: MARYAM ASHIQUE
OBJECTIVES:
Demography
Health statistics
Burden of disease
Natural history of disease transmission
DEMOGRAPHY:
At the end of this chapter we will have knowledge about:
Define demography
Determinants of demography
Population dynamics
Population doubling time ( PDT)
Population growth rates
Growth rates ( Crude death and birth rates)
Overpopulation
Sex ratio
Demographic transition
Demographic cycle
Vital index/ birth/ death ratio
Life expectancy at birth
Definition :
The science of population and mathematical knowledge of population changes and is
concerned with size, structure, distribution and changes in population.
Population dynamics:
Dynamics means science of motion. So, PD means “ CHANGES OF POPULATION.”
( increasing or decreasing) .
POPULATION doubling time:
It is an approximate time during which population of country will be doubled. If population
of country is growing at 1% per year, it will be double in about 70 years. So , we can get PDT
of any population by this 70, divided by growth rate. Thus a population growing at 2% per
year will double ( 70/2) in 35 years. SO
PDT= 70 / Growth rate
PDT of pakistan = 70/ 1.49 = 47 years
PDT of world= 70/ 1.1 = 63 years almost
Determinants:
SIZE: total no of person in that area at that time
STRUCTURE: Distribution of population among its age and sex groupings
FOR EXAMPLE:
How many persons below five and 40 yr
How many are females in population
DISTRIBUTION: Arrangement of people in space at a given TIME
FOR EXAMPLE:
Rural percentage age
Urban percentage age
CHANGE: Growth or decline of total population
Population growth rates:
PGR= No of happenings or events in a year at place\population exposed to risk of happening
in the same year and place
Growth rates:
Difference between Crude death rate and Crude birth rate
GR= CDR- CBR
Crude death rates:
Total no of deaths of any cause per thousand mid year population
CDR: No of deaths in a year in a population\ Mid year population
Crude birth rates:
Total no of live births per thousand mid year population
CBR: No of live births in a population\ mid year population
Overpopulation :
When population is not in balance with resources it is called overpopulation.
Dependency ratio
Dependancy syndrome
Rate of population who are economically not active to those who are economically active it is
called dependency ratio.
FORMULAE:
DR: children + elderly / working aged
Dependency syndrome:
An attitude or belief that a group cannot solve its own problems. It is weakness that is
made worse by charity.
SEX RATIO:
Ratio between no of males per 100 females
FORMULAE:
SEX RATIO= NO of males/ no of females
In INDIA , sex ratio is female to male ratio ( no of females per 100 males)
Demographic transition:
Moving from a stage of high birth rate and a high death rate to a low birth
rate and death rate is called demographical transition.
1st stage ( high fertility and mortality) OLD BALANCE
2nd stage ( low fertility and mortality) NEW BALANCE
3rd stage ( high fertility and low mortality) IMBALANCE
1st stage( HF & HM):
In old balance, since death has to be replaced by births, a large no of births are required to
compensate for large no of deaths.
2nd stage( LF& LM) :
It represents the improved condition of human efficiency and health with few deaths.
Production of agricultural and industrial commodities are greater and lifestyle is more
comfortable.
3rd stage( LM& HF) :
It is a stage of natural increase, which leads to population explosion.
Demographic cycle:
There is a demographic cycle of 5 stages through which a nation passes during transition:
High stationary
Early expanding
Late expanding
Low stationary
Declining stage
1st stage( high stationary):
CDR & CBR are high and both cancel each other , population remains stationary and it is high
stationary.
2nd stage ( early
expanding):
CBR remains same and death rate declines so people start expanding but this is early
expanding.
3rd stage ( late expanding):
Birth rate starts declining and CDR declines still futher but population is increasing because
births exceeds the death.
MCQS : Pakistan has entered in this phase.
4th stage ( low stationary):
Birth rate and death rate also decrease. So , population remains stationary but it is low
stationary.
5th stage( declining stage):
The population begins to decline because birth rate is lower than death rate ( births < deaths) .
So growth rate comes down.
Vital index OR Birth/ death
ratio:
Vital Index:
No of live births in a specified period at a specific place/No of deaths at the same place
and period
CONDITIONS:
If V.I is 100 : births and deaths are equal
If V. I is > 100 : births are more than deaths and population is increasing
If V. I is < 100 : deaths are more and population is decreasing
Life expectancy at birth:
It indicates the average no of years that persons can expect to live from the time of birth if
they experience throughout their life the age specified death rates currently prevailing.
Difference between:
Demography: Vital statistics:
Scientific study of human population Basic science for collection, analysis and
Consists of changes in population, interpretation of data
composition & distribution of population It is related to vital events such as births,
It is related to 5 demographic processes: deaths, marriages, divorces etc
Fertility It defines the nature and extent of disease
Mortality
Marriage
Migration
Social mobility
THANK YOY
ANY QUESTION???
