ADDIS ABABA MEDICAL

AND
BUSINESS COLLEGE

Peter hospital medical ward

public health 4th years students
attachment presentation
GROUP MEMBERS
1.Eyobed Mohammed
2. Bilale Abdulsemed
3. Besufekade Solomon
4. Hanamariyam Bishaw
5. Yididya Ensermu
6. Tsigereda Andargachew
7. Hikma Bilale
8. Duop Machar
9. Lew Kolang
10.Changkouth Lul
11. Tsion Girma
12. Kidist Gonisa
13.Yabsira Solomon
14. Natinael Abebe
15. Natinael Seifu
16. Abel Tsefaye
OUTLINE
 Introduction
 pathophysiology
 Types
 Sign and symptoms
 Complication
 Risk factors
 Investigation
 Management
 reference
INTRODUCTION
o Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation in the air
sacs in one or both lungs. This inflammation can be caused
by a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses,
and fungi.
 When the body's immune system detects the presence of
these microorganisms, it responds by sending white blood
cells to the affected area to fight off the infection. This
immune response leads to the accumulation of fluid and pus
in the air sacs, which can make it difficult for the lungs to
function properly. This can result in symptoms such as cough,
fever, difficulty breathing, and chest pain.

 The inflammation and fluid build-up in the lungs can also lead
to a decrease in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide,
which can result in low levels of oxygen in the blood. This can
cause further complications and affect other organ systems
in the body.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
There is the invasion a pathogen

The inflammatory response is triggered

Capillary leak

Edema and exudate are created

Impaired gas exchange

Sepsis
TYPES OF PNUMONIA
Pneumonia is classified according to the types of
germs that cause it and where you got the
infection.
1. Community-acquired pneumonia
Community-acquired pneumonia is the most
common type of pneumonia. It occurs outside of
hospitals or other health care facilities. It may be
caused by:
 Bacteria. The most common cause of bacterial

pneumonia in the U.S. is Streptococcus

pneumoniae. This type of pneumonia can occur
on its own or after you've had a cold or the flu. It
may affect one part (lobe) of the lung, a
condition called lobar pneumonia.
CONT.
2. Hospital-acquired pneumonia
Some people catch pneumonia during a hospital stay for another
illness. Hospital-acquired pneumonia can be serious because the
bacteria causing it may be more resistant to antibiotics and
because the people who get it are already sick. People who are on
breathing machines (ventilators), often used in intensive care units,
are at higher risk of this type of pneumonia.
3. Health care-acquired pneumonia
Health care-acquired pneumonia is a bacterial infection that
occurs in people who live in long-term care facilities or who
receive care in outpatient clinics, including kidney dialysis centres.
Like hospital-acquired pneumonia, health care-acquired pneumonia
can be caused by bacteria that are more resistant to antibiotics.
4. Aspiration pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia occurs when you inhale food, drink, vomit or
saliva into your lungs. Aspiration is more likely if something disturbs
your normal gag reflex, such as a brain injury or swallowing
problem, or excessive use of alcohol or drugs.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Signs and symptoms of pneumonia may
include:
 Pleurtic chest pain

 Cough( most of the time the patient have

productive cough)
 Shortness of breath

 Fatigue

 Fever, sweating and shaking chills

COMPLICATION
 Lung abscesses
 Septic Shock

 Pleural Effusions

 Empyema

 Renal Failure
RISK FACTORS
 Age
Pneumonia can affect people of all ages. However,
two age groups are at higher risk of developing
pneumonia and having more serious pneumonia.
 Babies and children, 2 years old or

younger, are at higher risk because their

immune systems are still developing. This risk is
higher for premature babies.
 Older adults, age 65 or older, are also at

higher risk because their immune systems

generally weaken as people age. Older adults
are also more likely to have other chronic (long-
term) health conditions that raise the risk of
pneumonia.
CONT.

2. Environment or occupation
Most people get pneumonia when they catch an
infection from someone else in their community.
Your chance of getting pneumonia is higher if you
live or spend a lot of time in a crowded place such
as military barracks, prison and homeless shelters.
3. Lifestyle habits
 Smoking cigarettes can make you less able to

clear mucus from your airways.

 Using drugs or alcohol can weaken your

immune system. You are also more likely to

accidentally breathe in saliva or vomit into your
windpipe if you are sedated or unconscious from
an overdose.
CONT.
3. Other medical conditions
o conditions that weaken your immune

system may also increase your risk. These

include pregnancy, HIV/AIDS, or an organ or
bone marrow transplant. Chemotherapy, which is
used to treat cancer, and long-term use of steroid
medicines can also weaken your immune system.
 Lung diseases, suchas asthma, bronchiectasis,

cystic fibrosis, or COPD, also increase your

pneumonia risk.
 Other serious conditions, such as

malnutrition, diabetes, heart failure,

sickle cell disease, or liver or kidney disease, are
additional risk factors.
INVESTIGATION
 A chest X-ray looks for inflammation in your
lungs. A chest X-ray is often used to diagnose
pneumonia.
 Blood tests, such as a complete blood

count (CBC) see whether your immune

system is fighting an infection.
 Pulse oximetry measures how much

oxygen is in your blood. Pneumonia can keep

your lungs from getting enough oxygen into
your blood. To measure the levels, a small
sensor called a pulse oximeter is attached to
your finger or ear.
CONT.
 A bronchoscopy looks inside your airways.
If your treatment is not working well, this
procedure may be needed. At the same time,
your doctor may also collect samples of your
lung tissue and fluid from your lungs to help
find the cause of your pneumonia.
 A chest computed tomography (CT) scan

can show how much of your lungs are

affected by pneumonia. It can also show
whether you have complications such as lung
abscesses or pleural disorders. A CT scan
shows more detail than a chest X-ray.
MANAGEMENT
 The choice of medication to treat pneumonia depends on the specific
cause of the infection, which can be bacterial, viral, or fungal. Here are
some common medications used to treat pneumonia:
1. Antibiotics:
 - Amoxicillin
 - Azithromycin
 - Clarithromycin
 - Levofloxacin
 - Ceftriaxone

 2. Antiviral Medications (for viral pneumonia caused by influenza or

other viruses):
 - Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
 - Zanamivir (Relenza)

 3. Antifungal Medications (for fungal pneumonia):

 - Fluconazole
 - Itraconazole
 - Voriconazole
PROGNOSTIC SCORING TOOL
 CURB 65 SCORING
C: confusion
U: blood urea nitrogen >20mg/dl
R: respiratory rate >30 breath / minute
B:blood pressure
systolic >90 mm hg
diastolic<60 mm hg
65: age
Score
0 0r 1 : out patient
2 : Inpatient versus observation admission
>3: inpatient admission consider ICU admission with score 4
0r 5
REFERENCE
1.Leowski J. Mortality from acute respiratory
infections in children under 5 years of age:
Global estimates. World Health Statistics
Quarterly. 1986;39:138–44. [PubMed]
2.Mackenzie G. The definition and classification
of pneumonia. Pneumonia
(Nathan). 2016;8:14. [PMC free article] [
PubMed]
3. Bartlett JG. Diagnostic tests for agents of
community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect
Dis. 2011 May;52 Suppl 4:S296-304. [PubMed]