PRACTICAL
RESEARC
H1
OBJECTIVES
1 Differentiate inquiry from research
2 Describe the characteristics,
processes, and ethics of research.
3 compare qualitative from
quantitative research
4 provide examples of research
in various areas of interest
RESEARCH
•Systematic and formal
investigation and study of
materials and sources in
order to establish facts and
reach new conclusions
•Tends to be more
systematic and formal
•Main aim may involve
gathering new information
or testing a theory
e r
n s w
A s !
h i
T
Why is research
important?
• It trains you to look for
answers without jumping to
conclusions
• Research is systematic and follows a
certain process.
• Trains you to not simply make
assumptions; instead, you look for
credible data and factual evidence to
satisfy your search for answers.
2. IT ENHANCES YOUR
CRITICAL THINKING
• The research will really
make you think of not
merely about the “who” and
the “what”, but also about
the “why” and the
“how”guidelines to follow.
3. IT BROADENS
YOUR KNOWLEDGE
• It helps you explore more
information apart from
those that you already
know.
• You expand your knowledge
which is beneficial to your
growth.
4. IT PROVIDES LEARNING
OPPORTUNITIES OUTSIDE THE
TYPICAL LEARNING
ENVIRONMENT
• Sometimes, research is done
through situations outside the
classroom.
• More opportunities to learn
through experimentation,
interviews, observation, and
other similar activities.
INQUIRY
VS.
RESEARCH
INQUIRY
•Process of finding
answers to questions
•Easier to carry out than
research studies
•Main aim is to solve
problems, resolve doubts,
or augment knowledge
RESEARCH
•Systematic and formal
investigation and study of
materials and sources in
order to establish facts and
reach new conclusions
•Tends to be more
systematic and formal
•Main aim may involve
gathering new information
or testing a theory
Inquiry
looks for answers to questions
Research
more complex and systematic steps and
uses a scientific method
Wha
t are the
charcateristics of
research?
Systematic
• Follows a set of procedures-
research process
• Starts with observation and
identification of a problem
• After problem identification, the
researcher proceeds to the
gathering of data that eventually
leads to the solution
• The process usually ends with a
conclusion
Empirical and analytical
• Research must be based
on factual and verifiable
observation or experience
• Research data should have
been thoroughly analyzed
and given the appropriate
interpretation before
arriving at a conclusion
EXAMPLE
A study was conducted by a group of researchers on the
effects of different types of soil on the growth of
flowering plants. The researchers did not conclude at
once that one type of soil is better than the other without
observing the various effects of each type of soil on the
flowering plants. The group conducted a series of
experiments on each type of soil in order to determine
which promotes the growth of the plant. They only
formed their conclusions after careful observation and
analysis of the results.
Cyclical
• Research becomes a cycle with the
recommendations made from the
results and conclusions of the current
study
• From recommendations, further
studies may be implemented which
will then trigger a new cycle following
the same process of experimentation
EXAMPLE
Once the group has identified and
concluded which type of soil is best for
the growth of the flowering plant, they
eventually recommended that the study
be explored further and see if different
types of plants would react
Relevant and timely
• Research should be about topics that
are new and up-to-date
• Research is also expected to help in
improving the lives of the people in
communities
EXAMPLE
The COVID-19 pandemic hit the world by
surprise in early 2023. Multiple
organizations scrambled to make
research to find a cure for the disease.
Medical researchers conducted during
this period focused mainly on how to
combat COVID-19.
THE PROCESS OF
RESEARCH
Specific steps to be followed when undergoing a research process
Identify your research problem
Gather information about your topic
Look for more materials and related literature
Review the literature you have gathered
Identify your research design
THE PROCESS OF
RESEARCH
Specific steps to be followed when undergoing a research process
Collect and analyze your data
Draw conclusions amd report results
Prepare and draft your paper
Cite your sources
TO
SUMMARIZ
Research Process
topicE
Finding a
Reviewing Related
Interpreting Data and
Making Conclusions Literature
Analyzing Establishing
Data Gathering the Design
Data
TYPES OF
RESEARC
H
Research and Explain
1. According to the research method
a. Pure Research
b. Applied Research
2. According to Purpose
a. Descriptive Research
b. Correlational Research
c. Action Research
Research and Explain
3. According to the type of data used in
the research
a. Qualitative Research
b. Quantitative Research
c. Mixed Methods Research
ACCORDING
TO THE
RESEARCH
METHOD USE
PURE
RESEARCH
• Also called basic research or
fundamental research is
conducted with the sole
objective of contributing to
existing knowledge by
gathering information
• Focuses on answering basic
question
p l e
x a m
E
The study about the
origin of the
universe
APPLIED
•
RESEARCH
refers to studies
conducted in order to
apply a particular
knowledge
p l e
x a m
E Wilhelm Roentgen
discovered the x-ray and he
studied further how it could
be applied in the field of
medicine.
ACCORDING
TO THE
PURPOSE OF
RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
• It is used to describe the
characteristics of a population
• Collects data and gets to know
different conditions for various
subjects
• It addresses the "what" more
than "how", "when", or "why"
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
• investigates the
relationship between two or
more variables without the
researcher controlling, or
manipulating any of them
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
• Negative correlation- one
variable increases the other
decreases
• Positive correlation- both
variables increase or decreases
• Zero correlation- no relationship
between variables
ACTION RESEARCH
• a form of study designed to
solve problems
• involves systematic
observation and data
collection that can be used
for reflection and decision-
making process
ACCORDING
TO THE TYPE
OF DATA USED
QUALITATI
VE
Generally uses
nonnumerical data gathered
from first-hand observation,
interviews, questionnaires,
case studies, and similar
data- gathering devices
QUANTITA
TIVE
refers to a systematic
investigation of
phenomenon conducted by
gathering quantifiable data
and performing statistical,
mathematical, or
computational analysis
MIXED
METHOD
uses a combination of
numberical and non-
numerical methods of
gathering data
QUALITATI
VE
RESEARC
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
An approach to the study of
human behavior that relies on the
analysis of narrative data in order
to create an interpretation of the
meaning of these behaviors from
the perspective of the participants
themselves, withing their own
social context.
1 2
2 0
e l l ,
e s w
C r It is a means for
exploring and
understanding the
meaning which
individuals or groups
ascribe to social human
problem
Creswell, 2002; Pope & Mays
1995; Denzin & Lincoln, 1994
is intended to deeply
explore, understand, and
interpret social
phenomena within its
natural setting
Merriam, 2016
are interested in understanding
the meaning that people have
constructed; that is, how
people make sense of their
world and the experiences they
have in the world
CHARACTERIST
ICS OF
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
Research Aspect Qualitative Research
Specific: find out what can be said to be
CHARACTERIST
The purpose of
research
unique and special to understand and
interpret social interactions
ICS OF
Small samples- often in natural setting &
Samples
not randomly selected
Criteria to
QUALITATIVE
identify
respondents or
Relevance: informants are relevant in
relation to problems and meaning
RESEARCH
key informants
Design of Flexible: interview with no clear answer,
method dialogue, interaction
Data collection
Unstructured. Free form
approach
Research
Qualitative Research
Aspect
CHARACTERIST
Type of data
collected
Words, image, or objects
of
ICS OF
Key concepts Understanding: why. Who thinks
what about... meanings and
QUALITATIVE
methodology
Form of data
attitudes
Qualitative data such as open-
RESEARCH
collected
ended responses, interviews,
participant observations, field notes
Level of Low: open answers and a variety of
structuration interpretations. High flexibility
Examples of Case study with interview, focus group
investigations discussion
CHARACTERIST
General approach
Empathy: the best understanding of the
qualitative research
ICS OF
Depth: seek as much information as
General perspective
possible on a few qualitative units
Type of data analysis Identify patterns, features, themes
QUALITATIVE
Role of researcher
Researcher & their biases may be known to
participants in the study, & participant
RESEARCH
characteristics may be known to the
researcher
Researcher Researcher is intimately involved. Results
independence are subjective
Particular or specialized findings that is
Results
less generalizable
Strengths of Qualitative
Research
• very useful for exploratory research and hypothesis
generation
• used as an instrument for understanding human
behavior, interpreting social interactions, and even
changes in society
• does not limit the response of the participants to set
answers; rather, allows them to provide more data using
their own words
• allows more complex aspects of a respondent to be
studied
• the researcher's experience on the subject matter is vital
in interpreting the gathered data
Limitations of Qualitative Research
• Too reliant on the subjectivity of the
researcher's analysis, views, and interpretations
• The validity and reliability of the data are
sometimes questionable due to its subjectivity
• Time-consuming. Open-ended questions often
yield "data overload" leading to more time
processing the answers
• Labor-intensive. there are instances when the
researcher would have to conduct multiple
interviews and other methods of gathering
data. It requires time and effort.
Use of Qualitative Method Across Fields
Social
Science
Quantitative Methodological Technique
Disciplin
e
observational methods (participant and non-
participant)
Anthropo in- depth interviews
logy life history
case study
ethnography
Case Analysis
Content Analysis
Political
Life history
Science
Use of Qualitative Method Across Fields
History Oral history
Case Analysis
Psycholog Life history
y observational study (participant and non-
participant)
Life history
Economic observational study (participant and non-
s participant)
Case Analysis
Life history
Action research
Sociology Case Analysis
observational study (participant and non-
participant)
self- confrontation interview
Comparison
chart
Qualitative Quantitative
The purpose is to explain The purpose is to explain,
and gain insight and predict, and/or control
understanding of phenomena through
phenomena through focused collection of
intensive collection of numerical data.
narrative data.
Purpo
se
Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative
Smaller and not randomly Larger and randomly
selected selected
Group Studied
Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative
Purposive: Intent to Random: Intent to select
select a “small, ” not “large, ” representative
necessarily sample in order to
representative, sample generalize results to a
in order to get an in- population
depth understanding
Sampling
Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative
Study of the whole not Specific variables studied
variables
Variabl
es
Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative
Words, images Numbers and statistics.
Type of Data Collected
Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative
Qualitative data such as Quantitative data based
open-ended responses, on precise
interviews, participant measurements using
observations, field notes, structured and validated
reflections data-collection
instruments
Form of Data
Collected
Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative
Identify patterns, Identify statistical
features, themes relationships
Type of Data Analysis
Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative
Approac subjective, holistic, Objective, focused,
h to process- oriented outcome- oriented
Inquiry
Researc Controlled setting Controlled to the
h not as important degree possible
Setting
Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative
Measurement Non-standardized, Standardized, numerical
narrative (written (measurements, numbers)
word)
Design and Flexible, specified only in Structured, inflexible, specified
Method general terms in advance of in detail in advance of study.
study. Nonintervention, Intervention, manipulation and
minimal disturbance All control- Descriptive, Correlation
Descriptive— History, Causal-Comparative,
Biography, Ethnography, Experimental. Consider few
Phenomenology, Grounded
variables, large group
Theory, Case Study, (hybrids
of these) Consider many
variables, small group
Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative
Researcher and their Researcher and their
biases may be known to biases are not known to
participants in the study, participants in the study,
& participant & participants
characteristics may be characteristics are
known to the researcher deliberately hidden from
the researcher
Role of Researcher
Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative
Data Raw data are in words. Raw data are numbers
Analysi Essentially ongoing, Performed at the end of
s involves using the study, involves statistics
observations/comments (using numbers to come
to come to a conclusion. to conclusions).
Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative
Scientifi Exploratory or bottom- Confirmatory or top-
c up: the researcher down: the researcher
method generates a new tests the hypothesis and
hypothesis and theory theory with the data
from the data collected
Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative
Focus Wide-angle lens: Narrow-angle lens: tests
examines the breadth specific hypotheses
and depth of
phenomena
Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative
Study behavior in a Study behavior under
natural environment controlled conditions:
isolate causal effects
Nature of
Observation
Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative
Narrative report with Statistical report with
contextual description correlations,
& direct quotations comparisons of means,
from research & statistical significance
participants of findings
Final Report
Norms to be
followed in
doing research
Student A was tasked to write a movie review about a
film assigned to him by his teacher. /since the movie is
current and famous at the time, there were plenty of
available resources that the student could use as
reference. As the deadline set by the teacher
approached, the student started cramming on his
assignment. In order to meet the deadline, he sat down
to open his browser, searched for a movie review of the
movie, lifted the entire text onto his word processing
application, placed his name and section on the top of
the paper, then submitted the output to his teacher.
What can you say about
the actions of Student A?
Is it proper or improper?
Why?
Norms
1. Norms promote the aim of
research: knowledge,
truth, and avoidance of
error.
2. Promote values that are
essential to collaborative
work: trust,
accountability, mutual
respect, fairness
Norms
3. Accountable; researchers
who are funded by public
money can be held
accountable to the public
4. Build public support: people
are more likely to fund
research projects if they
trust the quality
Norms
5. Promote
important values:
social
responsibility,
human rights,
animal welfare,
etc.
Some ethical
principles in
doing research
Ethics in
doing
data research
1. Honesty- avoid fabricating or falsifying gathered
2. Objectivity- avoid biased statements. Your research
should not be directed by your emotions but by facts
3. Integrity- must be based on facts not hearsay or
opinions
4. Carefulness- avoid careless errors and negligence
5. Openness- open to criticism and new ideas
6. Respect for Intellectual Property- Honor patents,
copyrights, and intellectual property. Always cite
sources
Ethics in
doing
research
7. Confidentiality – obligation to protect info
from unauthorized access, use, disclosure,
modification, loss, or theft. RA 10173 (Data
Privacy Act of 2012)
8. Responsible publication- publish to advance
research and scholarship
9. Respect for colleagues- respect colleagues
10.Social Responsibility- promote social good
11.Non-discrimination- avoid discrimination
12.Competence- maintain and improve
competence
Ethics in
doing
research
13.Legality- know and obey relevant laws
14.Animal Care- show respect and care for
animals when using them in research.
Authorization should be sought be using
them
15.Human Subjects Protection- minimize
harms and maximize benefits. Always
make sure that they have willingly
signed forms (consent form)
Research
Misconducts
Fabrication
The researcher makes
up the results of his
data gathering and
reports them as true
facts
falsification
The researcher manipulates
the materials, equipment, or
process; changes or omits
data, such that the record data
is no longer accurate.
plagiarism
The researcher claims the work
of another as his own without
proper citation of sources or
references.
TYPES OF
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
According to Creswell
(205, 2014)
GROUNDED
THEORY
• Grounded on the
views of the
participants
• generates a general
explanation of the
process, action, or
interaction among
people
m p
E x a
le of employee
• causes
turnover in a company
• finding the perspectives
of learners regarding
their current class setup
ENTHNOGRAP
used inHY
describing,
analyzing, and
interpreting a cultural
group's shared patterns
of behavior, beliefs, and
language that develop
over time.
Examp
le
• Differences between Chinese and
Indian parents
• Jewish immigrants in the West
NARRATIVE
RESEARCH
• Describes the lives of
individuals, collects and tells
stories about these
individual's lives, and writes
narratives about their
experiences
• has strong philosophical
underpinnings and typically
involves the conduct of
m p
E x a
e
• the lchanging role of
teachers in the "new
normal" education
• the adjustments of
marginalized learners
with online learning
PHENOMENOLO
GICAL
RESEARCH
• helps in describing the actual
experiences of individuals as
explained or described by the
participants themselves
• aims to focus on a specific
phenomenon and explain why
this has greatly impacted the
participants
Examp
le
• the actual experiences of
barangay volunteers during
the election period
• the actual experiences of
first- time voters during the
pandemic
CASE STUDY
develops a detailed
study and in-depth
analysis of a case, often
referring to a program,
event, activity, process,
or about one or more
individuals
Examp
le
• cases of anxiety and
depression during
online classes
• cases of change in
eating habits during
the pandemic
