PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation
by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
The Lymphatic
System and
Body Defenses
12 PART A
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Lymphatic System
Consists of two semi-independent parts
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphoid tissues and organs
Lymphatic system functions
Lymphatic vessels transport escaped fluids
back to the blood; prevents edema
Edema – accumulation of fluid in the tissues
Lymphatic tissues and organs play essential
roles in body defense and resistance to disease
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lymphatic Characteristics
Lymph—excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic
vessels
Fluid leaks out of capillaries and into tissue
spaces becomes interstitial (tissue) fluid
Tissue fluid enters lymphatic capillaries
becomes lymph and is returned to blood through
the lymphatic vessels
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Relationship of Lymphatic Vessels
to Blood Vessels
Figure 12.1
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Lymphatic Vessels
Figure 12.2a
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Lymphatic Vessels
Figure 12.2b
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Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphatic collecting vessels
Collect lymph from lymph capillaries and carry lymph to
and away from lymph nodes
Return fluid to circulatory veins near the heart
Right lymphatic duct – drains lymph from right arm and
right side of head and thorax
Empties into right subclavian vein
Thoracic duct – drains lymph from the rest of the body
Empties into left subclavian vein
Cisterna chyli – collects cloudy (milky apearance),
fatty lymph from digestive organs
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Lymphatic Vessels
Figure 12.3
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Lymphatic Vessels
Properties of lymphatic vessels
One way system toward the heart
Lymph moves toward the heart
Milking action of skeletal muscle (muscular
“pump”)
Respiratory “pump” created by the pressure
changes in the thorax during breathing
Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in
vessel walls
Similiar to veins – thin-walled and larger lymphatic
vessels have valves
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Lymph Nodes
Filter lymph along lymphatic vessels before it is
returned to the blood
Defense cells within lymph nodes
Macrophages - engulf and destroy foreign
substances & present antigen
Lymphocytes - provide immune response to
antigens
Areas of lymph node clusters:
Cervical lymph nodes (neck)
Axillary lymph nodes (armpit)
Inguinal lymph nodes (groin)
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Lymph Node Structure
Most are kidney-shaped and less than 1 inch long
Cortex = Outer part
Contains follicles - collections of lymphocytes
B cells – form plasma cells which release
antibodies; (humoral or antibody-mediated
immunity
T cells – perform surveillance (cell-mediated
immunity)
Medulla = Inner part
Contains phagocytic macrophages
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Lymph Node Structure
Figure 12.4
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Other Lymphoid Organs
Several other organs contribute to lymphatic function
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
Peyer’s patches
All these lymphoid organs contain:
Reticular cells (provide structural support)
Lymphocytes
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Other Lymphoid Organs
Figure 12.5
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Spleen
Located on the left side of the abdomen
Filters blood
Destroys worn out blood cells
Forms blood cells (hematopoiesis) in the fetus
Acts as a blood reservoir
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Thymus Gland
Located low in the throat, overlying the heart
Functions at peak levels only during childhood
Size decreases with age
Produces hormones (like thymosin) to program
lymphocytes and help with immune system
development
Location of T cell (T lymphocyte) maturation
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Tonsils
Small masses of lymphoid tissue around the
pharynx
Palatine: near opening of oral cavity into pharynx;
removal is called tonsillectomy
Pharyngeal (adenoids): near opening of nasal cavity
to pharynx; removal is called adenoidectomy
Lingual: at base of tongue; only removed if problem
exists such as cancer or tumor
Trap and remove bacteria and other foreign
materials
Tonsillitis – inflammation of the tonsils caused by
congestion with bacteria
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Peyer’s Patches
Found in the wall of the small intestine
Resemble tonsils in structure
Capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine
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Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)
Includes
Peyer’s patches
Tonsils
Other small accumulations of lymphoid tissue
Acts as a sentinel (guard) to protect respiratory
and digestive tracts
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Immune System
Figure 12.6
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Adaptive Defense System: Third Line of Defense
Types of Immunity
Humoral immunity = antibody-mediated
immunity
Provided by antibodies present in body
fluids
Cellular immunity = cell-mediated immunity
Lymphocytes defend the body
Target virus-infected cells, cancer cells,
and cells of foreign grafts
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Lymphocyte Differentiation and Activation
Lymphocytes destined to become T cells
migrate from bone marrow to the thymus
Bone marrow
and develop immunocompetence there.
B cells develop immuno-competence in
the bone marrow.
Immature
Circulation lymphocytes After leaving the thymus or bone marrow
in blood as naive immunocompetent cells,
lymphocytes “seed” the infected
Thymus connective tissues (especially lymphoid
Bone marrow
tissue in the lymph nodes), where the
antigen challenge occurs and the
lymphocytes become fully activated.
Activated (mature) lymphocytes circulate
Immunocompetent, continuously in the bloodstream and
but still naive, Lymph nodes
lymph, and throughout the lymphoid
lymphocytes and other
organs of the body.
migrate via blood lymphoid tissues
Mature KEY:
immunocompetent Site of lymphocyte origin
B and T cells
recirculate in and Sites of development of
blood and lymph immunocompetence as B
or T cells; primary lymphoid organs
Site of antigen challenge and final
differentiation to mature B and T cells
Figure 12.11
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Humoral Immune Response
Primary Response Antigen
(initial encounter Antigen binding
with antigen) to a receptor on a
specific B cell
(lymphocyte)
Proliferation to (B cells with
form a clone non-complementary
B lymphoblasts receptors remain
inactive)
Plasma Memory
cells B cell
Secreted Subsequent challenge
antibody by same antigen
molecules
Secondary Response Clone of cells
(can be years later) identical to
ancestral cells
Plasma
cells
Secreted
antibody Memory
molecules B cells
Figure 12.12
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Types of Acquired Immunity
Figure 12.14
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Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response
Figure 12.17
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Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response
Figure 12.18
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