Modifiable Risk Factors of

Lifestyle Diseases
 DID YOU KNOW THAT...
• Lifestyle and NCDs: Non-communicable
diseases (NCDs) like heart disease, cancer,
and diabetes are mainly caused by
unhealthy lifestyles.
• Smoking and Alcohol: In the Philippines,
40% of men and 12% of teens smoke, while
binge drinking is common among 48% of
men and 17% of women.
• Health Risks: Unhealthy behaviors increase
the risk of cancer, heart disease, and other
chronic conditions.
 DID YOU KNOW THAT...
• NCD Death Rate: NCDs cause 68% of
deaths in the Philippines.
• Diet Trends: Countries with high meat
and sugar consumption have higher
rates of NCDs, while low-meat, high-
starch diets have lower rates.
Lifestyle diseases are primarily
affected by diet and lifestyle.
The risks of developing
particular diseases are greatly
affected by vices such as
smoking, drug use, alcohol
consumption, and performing no
physical exercise. This is
especially true for older people.
WHY DO PEOPLE START
SMOKING?

• Parental Role Model

• Adolescent
Experimentation and
• Rebellion
• Depression
• Limited Education
• Weight Control
• Aggressive Marketing
• Stress
• Addiction
 WHY IS SMOKING HARMFUL?

Smoking harms nearly every organ

in the body, leading to a variety of
diseases and causing the death of
around five million people
Tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide
annually, with one person dying
are harmful substances in tobacco,
every eight seconds. Each
with tar damaging the lungs and
cigarette contains over 4,000 toxic
causing cancer, and nicotine
chemicals, including substances
causing addiction and increasing
like hydrogen cyanide and
heart rate. Carbon monoxide
benzene, which also pose risks to
reduces oxygen levels in the body,
non-smokers exposed to
forcing the heart to work harder. As
secondhand smoke. Smoking
a result, smokers have a higher risk
shortens life expectancy and
of cardiovascular diseases such as
impairs the cardiovascular and
What are
• Mainstream smoke,
commonly known as "first-
hand smoke" is the smoke
from a lit cigarette that is

the kinds both inhaled and exhaled

• Second-hand smoke is a
very dangerous smoke

of tobacco
when taken in. It is the
smoke puffed out by
smokers called
• environmental tobacco
refers toor

smoke?
Third-hand smoke
"sidestream"
a cigarette offshoot that is
attached to the smokers’
hair and clothing as well as
various surfaces such as
walls, floors, furniture,
chairs, and toys. This will
remain in the environment
even if the smoke is already
gone.
 3 COMMON TYPES OF
Ethyl alcohol - is used for
alcoholic beverages formed
from the fermentation of fruits
or grains of cereals and is also
known as grain alcohol.
ALCOHOL
Methyl alcohol - or wood
alcohol, has poisonous
properties and is used as a
denaturant additive for ethanol
for industries. It is used in
thinner for paints and shellac.

Isopropyl alcohol, or rubbing

alcohol, - is commonly used as
a disinfectant and solvent in
industries.
short- and long-term risky effects of alcohol on our
bodies:
 How are healthful eating habits
developed?
Dietary habits are the usual choices of food that
people make. Diet affects an individual's health
condition.
For a person to grow and develop, he/she needs a
healthy and balanced diet that provides energy for
everyday activities. Having a healthy and balanced
diet early reduces the chance of developing diseases
such as cancer, osteoporosis, and diabetes in the
future.
 What is a poor dietary habit?

• Poor dietary habits occur when a person

does not follow the principles of good
nutrition-adequacy, balance, and variety.
Adequacy refers to moderate amounts of
nutrients to maintain normal body function.
• Balance refers to the correct combination
of nutrients, and variation refers to the
consumption of different types of food
products.
 What is a poor dietary habit?

• Poor dietary habit is not eating enough

healthful food. Under consumption and
overconsumption of food and drinks; intake
of low-fiber, high fat, high-salt, and high-
sugar food are all part of poor dietary
habits that affect the number of essential
nutrients in the body such as vitamins,
minerals, protein, fiber, and fluid.
Poor dietary habits lead to malnutrition, resulting in stress, tiredness, sleep deprivation, weak brain
functions, indigestion, and heart problems. It adds up to the risk of developing diseases and health
problems such as:

• obesity
• tooth decay
• high blood pressure
• high cholesterol
• type-2 diabetes
• osteoporosis
• certain types of cancer
• depression
• eating disorders
• • heart disease and stroke
• Starting a healthy eating habit begins with knowing why you
eat. Eating should be planned. This includes evaluation of the
food intake and whether it provides sufficient nutrients or is
harmful to your body.

• Eating only for the reason to be "in" with peers is unhealthy.

Eating to overcome the feeling of rejection, depression, or
anxiety is unhealthy as well. Eating to cope with feelings may
be detrimental and lead to eating disorders.
• A sedentary lifestyle occurs when an individual lacks the recommended
level of regular physical activity or is physically inactive. A sedentary
lifestyle is not being able to satisfy the recommended level of regular
physical

• Physical inactivity is the leading risk factor for death worldwide. The
COVID-19 pandemic affected the normal living conditions around the
globe. The restrictions caused by long-standing lockdowns or staying at
home led to an inactive way of life. According to the WHO, Filipino
youths ranked second in the world as the most physically inactive
adolescents.

• There are recommended levels of physical activity for every age group,
which was proposed by many international and national health
organizations such as the Centers for Disease and Control, WHO, AHA,
ACSM, and DOH
Ethical Considerations in
Medicine

Exploring ethical
dilemmas in medical
research and
practice
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• Increased risks of
certain cancers
• contribute to anxiety What does
and depression
• Risk factors for certain
cardiovascular diseases
physical
• Increased risks of
having coronary heart
inactivity bring
disease and obesity
• Decrease in skeletal cause
muscle mass due to
excessive sitting
• High blood pressure and
you?
increased cholesterol
levels
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with
Unhealthy Lifestyle
1.Cardiovascular Disease - a
disease of the heart and
blood vessels that is the
leading cause of death in
the
Major Philippines
Risk Factors for Coronary Heart
Disease
• Smoking • Age
• Diabetes • Obesity
• Hypertensi • Physical
on Inactivity
• Cholesterol
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with
Unhealthy Lifestyle

• Arteriosclerosis - is a
condition that causes the
arteries to harden and
thicken. Some types are
natural to growing old.
Arteriosclerosis
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with
Unhealthy Lifestyle

• Atherosclerosis - is a type of
arteriosclerosis where
deposited fat hardens and
becomes plaque on arterial
walls. Plaque build-up can
begin as early as two years
old.
Atherosclerosis
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with
Unhealthy Lifestyle

• Coronary heart disease -

the coronary arteries
(pathway of blood to the
heart muscles) are
narrowed
or blocked; a disease of the
coronary vessels and not the
Coronary heart
disease
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with
Unhealthy Lifestyle

• Rheumatic fever - the

immune system attacks the
heart and can cause fever,
weakness, and damage to
its valves. It is common
among teens and results in
permanent damage known
as rheumatic heart disease.
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with
Unhealthy Lifestyle

• Heart rhythm
abnormalities/arrhythmia - an
irregular heart rhythm (e.g.,
bradycardia, tachycardia,
palpitation) brought about by a
faulty electrical conduction
system that is worsened by
uncontrolled stress levels and
high caffeine intake.
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with
Unhealthy Lifestyle

• Hypertension - the heart is

not able or below its normal
capacity to pump blood,
causing liquid to
accumulate in the lungs and
other areas of the body.
Reducing salt and salty food
helps manage this
condition.
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with
Unhealthy Lifestyle
• Stroke - sometimes called a "brain
attack"; occurs when blood flow to the
brain is interrupted. Brain cells in the
immediate area begin to die because
they stop getting the oxygen and
nutrients they need to function. A stroke
occurs when the arterial blood flow
leading to or in the brain is blocked or
ruptured. The death of brain cells will
affect various organs. It is associated
with and may result in paralysis,
amnesia, and speech disabilty
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with
Unhealthy Lifestyle

two types of
strokes:
> Ischemic stroke is brought about by
obstruction and narrowing
)
of blood vessels,
> Hemorrhagic stroke is usually due to
a ruptured blood vessel (i.e.,
aneurysm).
(The most common cause of stroke is a blood clot in a brain
artery, which causes aneurysm, a damaged part of the
blood vessel, and may result in stroke when these arteries
burst.)
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with
Unhealthy Lifestyle
2. Cancer - a group of diseases
where cells divide at an
uncontrolled pace. These cells can
)
form
a tumor, which can be identified as
benign or malignant through a
biopsy procedure. Cancer is not
contagious or caused by injuries
or accidents.
One of the risk factors associated
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with
Unhealthy Lifestyle
What is the difference between
malignant and benign tumors?
• Malignant is cancerous.
)
The tumor can
spread to invade and destroy nearby
tissues and body parts.
This process is called metastasis.
• Benign is not cancerous. Benign tumors
may increase in size but do
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with
Unhealthy Lifestyle
What are the four major categories of
•
cancer?
Carcinoma is the most common of the major categories; an
invasive malignant tumor from epithelial tissue that tends
to spread to other body parts. Cancers of the skin, breast,
)
uterus, prostate, lung, stomach, colon, and rectum are
examples of carcinoma.
• Sarcoma is a connective or supportive cancer, which
includes muscle, bone, fat, blood vessels, and cartilage
cancers.
• Lymphoma arises in cells of the lymphatic or the immune
system tissues and is characterized by abnormal production
of white cells and a decrease in resistance.
• Leukemia is the cancer of the blood or bone marrow
characterized by abnormal production of blood cells,
usually leukocytes or white blood cells.
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with
Unhealthy Lifestyle

3. Diabetes or Diabetes Mellitus -

a disease resulting from a
condition of the body ) wherein the
body is not able to produce or
effectively use insulin. Insulin is a
hormone that is produced in the
pancreas, which regulates the
utilization of glucose.
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with
Unhealthy Lifestyle

What are the types of diabetes

• Type 1 diabetes is insulin-reliant
diabetes because
) the body
produces little or no insulin at all.
The immune system destroys the
cells producing insulin, which
causes the build-up of sugar in the
blood and loss of sugar in the urine.
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with
Unhealthy Lifestyle

What are the types of diabetes

• Type 2 diabetes is non-insulin
dependent. This occurs
) when the
body produces insulin, but it cannot
be used by the cells. This type of
diabetes is manageable through
oral medication and a lifestyle
based on diet and exercise
programs.
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with
Unhealthy Lifestyle

What are the types of diabetes

• Gestational Diabetes occurs in
certain pregnant individuals. The
hormones cause) the body not to
respond to the insulin produced by
the body. This is not harmful to the
baby and can be treated only with a
proper diet. Gestational diabetes
usually regresses after childbirth
but has a higher chance of
developing into Type 2 diabetes.
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with
Unhealthy Lifestyle
4. Chronic respiratory disease -
commonly called chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD); it occurs in
) the air paths
and other parts of the lungs.
Symptoms include breathlessness,
chronic cough, and excessive
mucus production. COPD can be
life threatening and lead to death
if not detected and cured early.
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with
Unhealthy Lifestyle

Major Risk Factors of COPD

include:
• tobacco) smoking;
• indoor air pollution; and
• outdoor air pollution;
and
• occupational dust and
chemicals such as
vapors, irritants, and
fumes
"Health is wealth." A healthy lifestyle is all about making
one's health and well-being a priority. It is a choice made
by an individual, a commitment made for his own good
and that of his loved ones.
- Pilipinas Go4Health, 2013
 What are the ways to prevent lifestyle
diseases?
• Eat healthful food like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Go
for lean meats and low-fat dairy products.
• Refrain from eating food with high content of sugar or fat, or
avoid fast-food as much as possible. Eat desserts and delicacies
in moderation.
• Do daily routines of physical activity. You do not need to go to
the gym regularly or do marathons, rather, include physical
activities in your daily routine.
• Do not smoke. Gaining a little weight is a lesser risk than
continuing to smoke. Many who quit smoking did not gain
weight.
• Moderate intake of alcoholic drinks. Normally, a maximum of
one drink, 355 ml, a day for adult women and two drinks for
adult men.
•
 changing the way you think helps you become more
successful in achieving a healthy body:
• Stop comparing yourself to others. A healthy body does not
come in one shape and size. Do not get frustrated over
unrealistic body shapes;
being healthy is more important.
• Be aware of how hungry or full you are. Be aware of why
you eat and how much you need to eat.
• It is not about the diet; it is more about the routine. Dieting
rarely works over the long term. It is more of the routine of
eating properly.
• Be determined that you are going to improve your health
instead of just deciding to go on a diet. For instance, you
may think of what you want: to be more fit; lower blood
What are the programs and policies to prevent and control
noncommunicable diseases?
• The Philippines has a national multisectoral plan (2017-2025)
and a DOH strategic action plan for NCD prevention and control.
• Tobacco control initiatives include the STOPSMOKE mobile health
program, a quit-line, and smoking cessation clinics.
• The "Pilipinas Go4Health" movement promotes healthy lifestyles
with campaigns like "Go Smoke-free," "Go Slow sa Tagay," "Go
Sustansya," and "Go Sigla."
• Tobacco and alcohol taxation laws include the 2012 Sin Tax
Reform Law (RA 10351) and the 2017 TRAIN law (RA 10963).
• Essential NCD interventions (PhilPEN) and a PhilHealth primary
care benefit package for NCDs are available.
• The DOH provides maintenance medicines through its Medicines
Access Program and implements cancer prevention and control
policies.
Thank you for
listening!!