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Week 5

PPT WEEK 5 binus

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
58 views55 pages

Week 5

PPT WEEK 5 binus

Uploaded by

issabelaverina18
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Principles of Marketing

Eighteenth Edition, Global Edition

Chapter 5
Consumer Markets and Buyer
Behavior

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Learning Objectives
5.1 Define the consumer market and construct a simple
model of consumer buyer behavior.
5.2 Name the four major factors that influence consumer
buyer behavior.
5.3 List and define the major types of buying decision
behavior and the stages in the buyer decision process.
5.4 Describe the adoption and diffusion process for new
products.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Lenovo: Understanding Customers
and Building Profitable Relationships
“The global success of
Lenovo is rooted in its deep
and sound understanding of
customers and its ability to
build profitable relationships.
The business model is thus
built on customer
satisfaction, innovation, and
operational efficiency.”

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Learning Objective 1
Define the consumer market and construct a simple model of
consumer buyer behavior.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Consumer Markets and Buyer
Behavior
Consumer buyer behavior is the buying behavior of final

consumers—individuals and households that buy goods and


services for personal consumption.
Consumer markets are made up of all the individuals and

households that buy or acquire goods and services for


personal consumption.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Learning Objective 2
Name the four major factors that influence consumer buyer
behavior.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Model of Consumer Behavior
Figure 5.1 The Model of Buyer Behavior

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Characteristics Affecting Consumer
Behavior (1 of 15)
Figure 5.2 Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Characteristics Affecting Consumer
Behavior (2 of 15)
Cultural Factors
Culture is the set of basic values, perceptions, wants, and
behaviors learned by a member of society from family and
other important institutions.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Characteristics Affecting Consumer
Behavior (3 of 15)
Cultural Factors
Subcultures are groups of
people within a culture with
shared value systems based on
common life experiences and
situations.
Targeting Hispanic consumers:
Nestle’s DiGiorno brand worked
with Twitter’s U.S. Hispanics
team and the NFL to create a
football campaign with Spanish
tweets.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Characteristics Affecting Consumer
Behavior (4 of 15)
Cultural Factors
Social classes are society’s relatively permanent and
ordered divisions whose members share similar values,
interests, and behaviors.
Measured as a combination of occupation, income,
education, wealth, and other variables

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Characteristics Affecting Consumer
Behavior (5 of 15)
Groups and Social Networks Influencer marketing: CoverGirl’s “I
• Reference groups Am What I Make Up” campaign
uses a diverse team of influential
• Opinion leaders
brand ambassadors who explain
• Word-of-mouth influence authentically in their own words
• Influencer marketing what the slogan means to them.
• Online social networks

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Characteristics Affecting Consumer
Behavior (6 of 15)
Social Factors
• Family is the most important
consumer-buying organization in
society.
• Role and status can be defined by a
person’s position in a group.
Harnessing the power of mom-to-mom
influence: Each year, Disney invites 175
to 200 moms and their families to its
Disney Social Media Moms Celebration
in Florida, an affair that’s a mix of public
relations event, educational conference,
and family vacation with plenty of Disney
magic for these important mom
influencers.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Characteristics Affecting Consumer
Behavior (7 of 15)
Personal Factors
Occupation affects the goods
and services bought by
consumers.
Age and Life Stage affect tastes
in food, clothes, furniture, ad
recreation.
Appealing to occupation
Economic situations include segments: CAT makes rugged,
trends in spending, personal durable phones for the
income, savings, interest rates. construction and heavy
industries.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Characteristics Affecting Consumer
Behavior (8 of 15)
Personal Factors
Lifestyle is a person’s
pattern of living as expressed
in his or her psychographics.
Personality refers to the
unique psychological
characteristics that
distinguish a person or group.

Brand personality: MINI markets to


personality segments of people who are
“adventurous, individualistic, open-minded,
creative, tech-savvy, and young at heart”—
anything but normal—just like the car.
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.
Characteristics Affecting Consumer
Behavior (9 of 15)
Psychological Factors
• Motivation
• Perception
• Learning
• Beliefs and attitudes
This classic ad from the American
Association of Advertising Agencies
pokes fun at subliminal advertising.
“So-called ‘subliminal advertising’
simply doesn’t exist,” says the ad.
“Overactive imaginations, however,
most certainly do.”
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.
Characteristics Affecting Consumer
Behavior (10 of 15)
Psychological Factors
A motive (or drive) is a need that is sufficiently pressing to
direct the person to seek satisfaction of the need.
Motivation research refers to qualitative research designed
to probe consumers’ hidden, subconscious motivations.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Characteristics Affecting Consumer
Behavior (11 of 15)
Figure 5.3 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Characteristics Affecting Consumer
Behavior (12 of 15)
Psychological Factors
Perception is the process by which people select, organize,
and interpret information to form a meaningful picture of the
world.
Perceptual Processes
• Selective attention
• Selective distortion
• Selective retention

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Characteristics Affecting Consumer
Behavior (13 of 15)
Psychological Factors
Selective attention is the tendency for people to screen out
most of the information to which they are exposed.
Selective distortion is the tendency for people to interpret
information in a way that will support what they already
believe.
Selective retention is the tendency to remember good
points made about a brand they favor and forget good points
made about competing brands.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Characteristics Affecting Consumer
Behavior (14 of 15)
Psychological Factors
Learning is the change in an individual’s behavior arising
from experience and occurs through the interplay of:
• Drives
• Stimuli
• Cues
• Responses
• Reinforcement

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Characteristics Affecting Consumer
Behavior (15 of 15)
Psychological Factors
A belief is a descriptive thought that a person has about
something based on:
• knowledge
• opinion
• faith
An attitude describes a person’s relatively consistent
evaluations, feelings, and tendencies toward an object or
idea.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


SPANX: Changing the Way Women
Think about “Shapewear”
SPANX changed the way women–and even men–think about
both clothing and their body types

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Learning Objective 3
List and define the major types of buying decision behavior
and the stages in the buyer decision process.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Types of Buying Decision Behavior
(1 of 2)
• Complex buying behavior
• Dissonance-reducing buying behavior
• Habitual buying behavior
• Variety-seeking buying behavior

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Types of Buying Decision Behavior
(2 of 2)

Figure 5.4 Four Types of Buying Behavior

Source: Adapted from Henry Assael, Consumer Behavior and Marketing


Action (Boston: Kent Publishing Company, 1987), p. 87. Used with
permission of the author.
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.
Figure 5.5 The Buyer Decision
Process

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


The Buyer Decision Process (1 of 6)
Need Recognition
Need recognition is the first stage of the buyer decision
process, in which the consumer recognizes a problem or
need triggered by:
• Internal stimuli
• External stimuli

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


The Buyer Decision Process (2 of 6)
Information Search
Information search is the stage of the buyer decision
process in which the consumer is motivated to search for
more information.
Sources of information:
– Personal sources
– Commercial sources
– Public sources
– Experiential sources

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


The Buyer Decision Process (3 of 6)
Evaluation of Alternatives
Alternative evaluation is the stage of the buyer decision
process in which the consumer uses information to evaluate
alternative brands in the choice set.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


The Buyer Decision Process (4 of 6)
Purchase Decision
Purchase decision is the buyer’s decision about which
brand to purchase.
The purchase intention may not be the purchase decision
due to:
• Attitudes of others
• Unexpected situational factors

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


The Buyer Decision Process (5 of 6)
Postpurchase Behavior
Postpurchase behavior is the stage of the buyer decision
process in which consumers take further action after
purchase, based on their satisfaction or dissatisfaction.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


The Buyer Decision Process (6 of 6)
Postpurchase Behavior
Cognitive dissonance is buyer discomfort caused by
postpurchase conflict.

Postpurchase cognitive
dissonance: Postpurchase
customer satisfaction is a key to
building profitable customer
relationships. Most marketers go
beyond merely meeting the
customer expectations—they
aim to delight customers.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


The Customer Journey
Customer journey: the sum of the ongoing experiences
consumers have with a brand that affect their buying behavior,
engagement, and brand advocacy over time.

The customer journey: By


understanding the customer
journey, marketers can work to
create brand experiences that
will result in positive purchase
behavior, engagement, and
brand advocacy over time.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Learning Objective 4
Describe the adoption and diffusion process for new
products.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


The Buyer Decision Process for New
Products (1 of 3)
The adoption process is the
mental process an individual
goes through from first
learning about an innovation
to final regular use.
• Stages in the adoption The adoption process: To help
process include: get tentative consumers over
– Awareness the buying decision hump,
Beyond Meat invited
– Interest
consumers to “try some free—
– Evaluation zip, zero, zilch” at their local
– Trial grocery store.
– Adoption
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.
The Buyer Decision Process for New
Products (2 of 3)
Individual Differences in Innovativeness
• Innovators
• Early Adopters
• Early Mainstream
• Late Mainstream
• Lagging Adopters

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


The Buyer Decision Process for New
Products (3 of 3)
Figure 5.6 Adopter Categories Based on Relative Time of
Adoption of Innovations

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Analyzing and Using Marketing
Information
Influence of Product Characteristics on Rate of Adoption
• Relative advantage
• Compatibility
• Complexity
• Divisibility
• Communicability

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Perilaku Konsumen Sepeda di
Era Pandemi Covid-19

Case Discussion

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Perburuan sepeda oleh masyarakat dunia masih bergulir seiring tren penggunaan
sepeda di masa pandemi Covid-19. Masyarakat mencari sepeda secara daring
dan langsung ke toko sepeda. Moda transportasi ini menjadi pilihan alternatif
kendaraan untuk menghindari transportasi umum dengan alasan keamanan atas
kesehatan diri.

Di tengah pandemi korona, masyarakat dunia saat ini sedang keranjingan dengan
aktivitas bersepeda. Pandemi Covid-19 menunjukkan betapa pentingnya
menerapkan pola hidup sehat di tengah masyarakat, seperti menerapkan jaga
jarak dan menghindari kerumuman di transportasi umum.

Survei Global Web Index yang dirilis 19 Maret 2020 menunjukkan, 43 persen
masyarakat Amerika Serikat dan Inggris lebih memilih berjalan kaki dan 30
persen lainnya memilih bersepeda ketika bepergian. Merebaknya minat
masyarakat dunia terhadap sepeda membuat permintaan sepeda juga
meningkat. Toko sepeda Broadribb Cycles di Bicester, Inggris, yang biasanya
menjual 20-30 sepeda per minggu, kini bisa menjual 50 sepeda setiap hari.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Di Indonesia, penjualan sepeda melalui daring juga menunjukkan fenomena
serupa. Sejak Maret hingga Juni 2020, Bukalapak mencatat peningkatan
transaksi penjualan sepeda hingga 156 persen dibandingkan dengan kondisi
biasanya. Sepeda gunung dan sepeda lipat merupakan produk yang
pencariannya paling populer. Tren peningkatan juga terjadi di toko daring
Tokopedia dan Blibli.

Pertengahan Maret 2020 adalah titik awal perburuan sepeda di masa pandemi.
Koran The New York Timesmemberitakan jumlah perjalanan pesepeda di kota
New York, Amerika Serikat, meningkat hingga lebih dari setengah juta selama
Maret 2020. Alasan orang-orang bersepeda karena enggan menggunakan
transportasi publik. Peningkatan arus perjalanan sepeda tercatat sebesar 67
persen pada periode 1 Maret hingga 11 Maret 2020. Angkanya sejumlah 517.768
perjalanan dibandingkan dengan periode yang sama pada tahun 2019 yang
hanya 310.132 perjalanan.

Bersepeda membantu orang mengatasi kecemasan atau kegelisahan kata salah


seorang warga Kota New York. Bepergian dengan menggowes sepeda juga
memberikan keleluasaan dan baik bagi kesehatan fisik serta mental. Hal ini
sangat menolong di tengah situasi pandemi yang banyak menimbulkan
keterbatasan dan cara hidup baru.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.
Tren Dunia

Gelombang booming sepeda bergulir terus-menerus. Orang mencari sepeda


secara daring dan langsung ke toko. Pencarian masyarakat dunia tentang topik
sepeda terekam di mesin pencarian Google. Berdasarkan penelusuran topik
”sepeda” di Google Trends dalam lingkup dunia, tampak peningkatan detak
pencarian mulai pada pertengahan Maret, tepatnya pada tanggal 13 Maret.
Menurut data Google Trends, tingkat pencarian pada tanggal tersebut ada pada
angka 28.

Tren pencarian pertama kali menyentuh angka 100 pada 17 Mei 2020. Naik turun
detak pencarian tentang sepeda di seluruh dunia masih ada di atas angka 90
sampai tanggal 28 Juni 2020. Artinya, antusias warga dunia dalam mencari
sepeda berada di tingkat tertinggi selama lebih dari sebulan. Detak pencarian
sepeda memiliki pola khas. Titik pencarian tertinggi terjadi di tiap akhir pekan.
Tren ini direkam dalam periode 1 Januari 2020 hingga 27 Juli 2020, seturut
dengan linimasa tersebarnya kasus covid-19 di seluruh penjuru dunia.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Terdapat beberapa kata kunci yang meningkat drastis dalam topik pencarian soal
sepeda. Kata kunci tersebut adalah ”bonus bici” , ”bonus bicicletta” , dan ”bonus
biciclette”. Tiga kata dari bahasa Italia tersebut merujuk pada hal yang sama,
yakni tentang subsidi yang diberikan oleh pemerintah untuk warganya yang mau
bersepeda. The Brussels Timesmemberitakan bahwa setiap warga Italia yang
membeli sepeda baru, termasuk sepeda listrik, akan mendapat subsidi dari
pemerintah senilai 500 euro atau sekitar Rp 8,5 juta. Sontak hal ini membuat
masyarakat Italia antusias membeli dan mengendarai sepeda.

Perancis juga melakukan hal serupa. Majalah Forbes menyebutkan bahwa


anggaran pemerintah untuk subsidi dan fasilitas bagi pesepeda ditingkatkan tiga
kali lipat. Semula dana untuk pesepeda senilai 20 juta euro. Pada akhir Mei 2020
nilainya ditambah menjadi 60 juta euro atau sekitar Rp 1 triliun. Dana ini
dibelanjakan untuk menyediakan dan memperbaiki fasilitas sepeda di Perancis.
Selain itu, masyarakat yang hendak memperbaiki sepedanya diberi subsidi
senilai 50 euro atau setara Rp 850.000.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Di Indonesia

Demam sepeda berjangkit juga di Indonesia. Terdapat beda waktu gelombang


booming sepeda antara di negara Barat dan di dalam negeri. Menurut data
Google Trends, peningkatan signifikan dalam pencarian topik sepeda baru terjadi
mulai akhir Mei 2020, tepatnya pada 23 Mei 2020.

Data tren sepeda di Indonesia diambil pada periode 1 Maret 2020 hingga 27 Juli
2020. Jendela waktu ini diambil bertepatan dengan temuan pertama kasus
korona yang diumumkan pemerintah pada 2 Maret 2020. Puncak pencarian
sepeda di Indonesia berdasarkan Google Trends terjadi pada 14 Juni 2020
hingga 5 Juli 2020. Titik puncak pencarian mencapai angka 100 pada 28 Juni
2020. Setelah jendela waktu itu, tren berangsur turun. Angka pencarian pada 27
Juli 2020 hanya berada di angka 46.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.
Meningkatnya tren sepeda di Indonesia pada pertengahan Mei bersamaan
dengan wacana pemerintah melonggarkan PSBB dan menerapkan normal baru.
Terbuka ruang gerak bagi masyarakat yang sudah berdiam diri di tempat tinggal
sejak 7 April 2020. Tingginya animo masyarakat Indonesia terhadap sepeda juga
ditandai dengan munculnya penjual dadakan. Hal yang merisaukan di saat
booming seperti sekarang ini adalah menjamurnya berbagai ragam modus
penipuan dalam pasar sepeda. Kondisi ini dapat disandingkan saat masker, hand
sanitizer, dan produk kebersihan lainnya sulit didapat dan harganya tak
terkendali. Hal serupa terjadi pada komoditas sepeda.

Detak tren pencarian sepeda di Indonesia dapat dikatakan sudah mulai turun.
Selain itu, durasinya juga lebih pendek dibandingkan dengan tren dunia. Walau
demikian, hasrat masyarakat yang kuat untuk bersepeda membawa berkah bagi
industri sepeda dalam negeri.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Industri Sepeda

Berkat adanya booming sepeda, muncul juga detak pencarian sepeda


berdasarkan merek-merek sepeda. Permintaan akan sepeda, khususnya merek
dalam negeri, mengalami lonjakan. Salah satu pabrik sepeda yang kecipratan
berkah adalah PT Insera Sera yang berdagang dengan merek Polygon. Sepeda
bikinan Sidoarjo, Jawa Timur, ini mengalami lonjakan permintaan dari toko
distributor antara 50 dan 200 persen. Polygon menyatakan, permintaan mulai
bergerak naik sejak pertengahan April. Berdasarkan pantauan melalui media
sosial, toko daring, dan amatan di beberapa toko di wilayah Jakarta, stok sepeda
di berbagai platform ludes terjual.

PT Roda Maju Bahagia (RMJ) yang berlokasi di Kendal, Jawa Tengah, juga
menikmati berkah di tengah pandemi. Pabrik pembuat sepeda Element, Police,
dan Dahon Ion ini mampu menjual 150.000 unit sepeda dalam periode Januari
hingga Mei 2020. Angka penjualan dalam 5 bulan saja sudah memenuhi
setengah dari target penjualan di tahun 2020, yakni 300.000 unit. Kondisi
perindustrian sepeda bersemi di tengah pandemi. Berbagai merek sepeda
bikinan Indonesia terus bersaing. Jejaknya tampak dari detak pencarian di
Google Trends berdasarkan masing-masing merek.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Beberapa merek sepeda lokal yang dilacak trennya antara lain ”sepeda Polygon”,
”sepeda United”, ”sepeda Pacific”, ”sepeda Element”, dan ”sepeda Wimcycle”.
Lima merek tersebut bersaing cukup ketat. Dilihat dari trennya, sebelum terjadi
booming, yakni pada 1 Maret 2020, popularitas Polygon unggul di antara merek
lainnya. Pencarian Polygon ada di angka 15, sedangkan merek lainnya berurut-
turut United (6), Pacific (5), Element (2), dan WimCycle (1). Semakin besar
angka pencarian artinya sebuah merek semakin populer.

Garis tren empat merek sepeda yang berimpitan mulai terbagi menjadi dua
kelompok pada akhir Mei 2020. Merek Polygon bertahan dalam mendominasi
persaingan popularitas. Di kelompok kedua bersaing sepeda United dengan
Pacific. Kemudian di kelompok bawah terdapat Element dan WimCycle. Dua
merek terakhir tidak mengalami peningkatan drastis seperti tiga merek di atasnya.
Grafik lengkung dialami Polygon, United, dan Pacific. Namun Element dan
WimCycle masih relatif datar.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Popularitas ini dihasilkan dari aktivitas pencarian masyarakat Indonesia terhadap
merek sepeda tertentu. Data tersebut dapat menjadi gambaran sebagai indikator
pamor sebuah merek di benak orang-orang.

Sepeda merek United dan Pacific mengalami peningkatan seiring naiknya tren
sepeda. Artinya, kedua merek ini punya tempat, jika boleh dikatakan, di kelas
kedua di antara Polygon dan Element beserta WimCycle. Dominasi Polygon
belum terbantahkan, tetapi ada kesempatan dan modal image bagi merek-merek
pesaingnya.

Jika masing-masing merek sudah tampak posisi popularitasnya, lantas jenis


sepeda apa saja yang dicari dari masing-masing merek? Data dari Google Trends
menunjukkan bahwa Monarch 5 menjadi tipe sepeda dari Polygon yang paling
banyak dicari. Disusul oleh Cascade, Siskiu, Xtrada, dan Premiere. Sepeda-
sepeda ini merupakan jenis sepeda gunung atau MTB.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Kemudian dari merek United muncul sepeda seri Detroit 2.0, Clovis 5, Detroit 1.0,
dan Miami. Tiga seri tersebut juga merupakan sepeda MTB. Selanjutnya dari
merek Pacifc memiliki primadona yang banyak diburu, yakni sepeda lipat seri
Noris. Seri ini ditawarkan dengan rentang harga yang lebar, yakni mulai Rp 5 juta
hingga Rp 18 juta.

Dari pabrikan Element, popularitas sepeda Troy, Ecosmo, dan Pikes cukup tinggi.
Tiga seri sepeda ini merupakan jenis sepeda lipat. Harga yang ditawarkan
berkisar antara Rp 3 juta dan Rp 10 juta. Sepeda lipat dan MTB atau sepeda
gunung sedang digandrungi orang. Hal ini juga tampak dari detak pencarian di
Google Trends dengan kata kunci ”sepeda gunung”, ”sepeda lipat”, dan ”road
bike” atau sepeda untuk di jalan raya.

Hasilnya popularitas tertinggi diduduki oleh sepeda lipat, kemudian


disusul sepeda gunung dan road bike di urutan terakhir. Tren ini juga
dapat diamati dari ragam dagangan para penjaja sepeda. Sepeda lipat
dan gunung banyak dijual melalui berbagai kanal.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


n. Mulai sekitar tahun 2018 sepeda yang didesain kompak dan untuk
berkomuter ini banyak dicari orang. Saat ini, lima produsen sepeda,
yakni Polygon, United, Pacific, Element, dan WimCycle, berlomba di
segmen pasar sepeda lipat yang sedang basah-basahnya.

Hal yang sah dan wajar apabila industri mengikuti tren dan minat
masyarakat untuk memanfaatkan peluang ini. Apalagi di tengah kondisi
sulit selama pandemi. Orang tidak segan mengeluarkan kocek belasan,
bahkan puluhan juta, untuk membeli sepeda saat ini.

Sumber:
[Link]

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Discuss the case in relation to the phenomenon of customer path in
Marketing 4.0.

(The lecturer also can add subtopic(s) to be discussed)

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.

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