Multi-Engine Principles of Flight
DEFINITION:
An aircraft that has two or more
engines which are located away
from the centreline of the aircraft
AIM:
To gain an understanding behind
the principles associated with flying
a multi-engine aircraft under normal
and emergency situations
WHAT:
-Types of Multi-Engine aircraft
-Forces involved with multi-engine
aircraft
-Controlling an engine failure
-How the aircraft performs with an
engine failed
-Notes on Engine faliures
HOW:
-Flying Multi-Engine aircraft
-Handing emergency situations
safely and effectively
Multi-Engine Principles of Flight
Types of Multi-Engine aircraft
Beechcraft
CessnaBaron
Douglas
Junkers DC4 58
337
JU52
Forces on a Twin
And how it is affected by one engine failing
Weight
1) Extra engine
2) Longer wings
3) Extra equipment
4) Larger control surfaces
5) Larger fuel tanks
Lift
Lift
Increased lift generated
Lift
Uneven lift distribution
Lift
Drag
1) Extra engine
2) Longer wings
3) Extra equipment
4) Larger control surfaces
Drag
Thrust
Drag
Drag Induced Yaw
Thrust
2 Thrust lines
Thrust Thrust
Thrust Line
Straight and Level
Thrust Thrust
Thrust Line
High AoA – Asymmetric blade thrust
Thrust Line
Asymmetric blade thrust
Weight × Arm = Moment
Fn(thrust) × Arm = Moment
( Larger moment = larger force )
Thrust Line
At a High angle off attack,
Question
To the ????
LEFT
which direction will the nose
want to yaw?
Which engine if failed
would make the scenario
worse?
Critical Engine:
Engine that fails will
make the situation
more critical
Thrust line – Counter Rotating
Fn(thrust) × Arm = Moment
No Critical
Engine
Torque produced by the engines
Conventional Counter-rotating
2 different directions.
1 direction Away from the dead
engine
Greater Roll moment Smaller Roll moment
Forces Recap
Lift - Uneven lift distribution (Roll towards the dead engine)
Weight - Heavier (Reduces Performance)
Drag - Increased drag from windmilling propeller
(Yaw towards dead engine)
Thrust - Asymmetric blade effect (Roll towards dead engine)
- Torque (Roll into dead engine with conventional rotating
propellers)
Break Time
Multi-Engine Principles of Flight
DEFINITION:
An aircraft that has two or more
engines which are located away
ENGINE FAILURE !!!
from the centreline of the aircraft
Control Difficulties
AIM:
To gain an understanding behind
the principles associated with flying
a multi-engine aircraft under normal
and emergency situations
WHAT:
-Types of Multi-Engine aircraft
Asymmetric flight:
-Forces involved with multi-engine is a condition of flight that will occur on a
aircraft
-Controlling an engine failure multi-engine aeroplane when an imbalance
-How the aircraft performs with an in thrust/Drag exists about the normal axis
engine failed
-Notes on Engine faliures
HOW:
-Flying Multi-Engine aircraft
-Handing emergency situations
safely and effectively
Engine Failures - Control
Thrust Thrust
Thrust induced yaw
Engine Failures - Control
Thrust
Drag
Drag Induced Yaw
Engine Failures – Control
Propeller Drag
Engine Failures – Control
Propeller Drag
Engine Failures - Control
Thrust
Thrust arm Drag
Rudder arm
Thrust Moment + Drag Moment < Rudder Force
Engine Failures – Control
Rudder Efficiency
Position of the Centre of Gravity
Longer Moment Arm (B) = Better Rudder Efficiency (R)
Engine Failures - Control
Yaw 1- Thrust from live engine
2- Drag from dead engine
(Greater Yaw produced if Critical engine is failed)
1- Decreased airflow over dead engines wing
Roll
2- Torque reaction of live engine
Pitch Less airflow over tail
(Slight nose down tendency)
Engine Failures - Performance
AFTER you have gained control of your aircraft consider
its performance
“The Live engine might only take you to the scene of the crash”
Engine Failures - Performance
Both Engines Single Engine
100% Power Available
Both Engines
Required
Power
50% Power
Single Engine
80% reduction in
performance
Vyse Vy
Airspeed (Kts)
Vyse is Blue Line
Engine Failures - Performance
To reduce the power required we need to reduce the amount of
drag created by:
Cleaning up the aircraft
1)Retract flaps and undercarriage
2)Feather the propeller
3)3)Bank 5 towards the live engine – WHY??
Wings level, Balance ball
middle
•Angled RAF
•Increased profile drag
• Weather Cock
Un-Balanced flight
3-5º into the live engine, balance
ball on the line
• Zero sideslip
• Position of RAF
• Least drag
Balanced flight
Over banking towards the live
engine, balance ball out
• Angled RAF
• More drag
• Least rudder deflection
• Potential for Rudder stall
Un-Balanced flight
Rudder Stalling
Thrust
Air Exercise
Familiarization
Procedures- Checks & Actions
Prop Synchronizing
Steep Turns
Stalls - 4000’ AGL
Airmanship
Engine Management – Cowl flaps
VLE, VLO & VFE
Control
1. Fly - Stop the yaw (Rudder)
2. Speed - blue line
3. Power Up- full Power (dependent on scenario)
4. Clean Up - Gear and flap retracted
5. Identify – dead leg, dead engine
6. Verify – Look at fuel flow and retard suspect engine’s
throttle
7. Rectify - Feather the correct engine
8. Secure – Shut down the failed engine (mixture, fuel, cowl
flaps)
9. Bank 3-5º into live engine (Raise the dead)
10. Trim (rudder, aileron, pitch)
11. Conserve live engine Power settings, cowl flaps, fuel
Take-off brief
In the event of an engine failure with the gear down,
close both power leavers and LAND !!!
Under the prevailing “WAT” In the event of an engine
failure with the gear up and with the required
airspeed
We going to power up all levers, maintain heading
and blue line, Identify the dead foot and feather the
dead engine and turn towards live engine to LAND
ASAP
THE END
