CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF MBEYA

(CUoM)
FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
AND PROJECT PLANNING (CDPP)

CPDM 123:
Development Planning Theories, Models, Concepts and
Techniques

Mr. Palanda Ninoo

Office No. 221 A/Block
0659 163 681
 COURSE ASSESMENT METHODS

Course work (40%)

 Group Assignment and presentation (05%)
 Quiz (05%)
 Test 1 (15%)
 Test 2 (15%)

Semester Exams (UE) (60%)

11/08/2024
 CORE PRINCIPLES
Observe punctuality
Avoid interrupting sessions
Timely completion of assignments

11/08/2024
 Course Outline
 MODULE 1: Introduction and Nature of Development
Planning
MODULE 2: Rationale for Planning
MODULE 3: Classification and Levels of
Planning activities
MODULE 4: Planning Process
MODULE 5: Models and Techniques for
Planning
MODULE 6: The crisis in planning
MODULE 7: National development planning and
policies
 WELCOME TO MODULE 1

INTRODUCTION AND NATURE OF

DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
 Basic Concepts
Planning
 A Plan
Development
Development Planning
 Basic Concepts (cont…)
Planning
• Planning is a technique, a means to an end being
the realization of certain pre-determined and well-
defined aims and objectives laid down by a central
planning authority.
• Aims, objectives and goals can be economic,
political, social, security, environmental etc.
• The idea underlying planning is a conscious and
deliberate use of the resources of the community
with a view to achieving certain targets of production
 Basic Concepts (cont…)
Planning
Basically Planning tries to answer three questions:-
1. Where are we now? (Analyzing the current status)
2. Where do we want to go? (setting targets: short-
term (immediate), medium and long-term goals)
3. How to get there? (means, available alternatives
and opting the most appropriate one.)
 In answering these questions the planner should
think in advance on what, when, how where and by
whom to be done.
 WHAT

WHEN
HOW PLANNER

?
WHERE
WHO
 Basic Concepts (cont…)
Development
• It is a Multi-dimensional term and it is used variably in
various contexts.
• In all contexts Development connotes to changes in a
certain state
• On its broadness it denotes to progressive and desirable
ongoing or intended processes of change
• To make it more meaningful such changes are always
societal focused (Social changes)
• Thus people/societies are both the agents and the
targets of development or such changes
 Development (cont..)
Nyerere once argued that;
‘‘The only criterion for judging any development
agenda is whether it serves the very purpose of
development, and the purpose of development is the
people"
(Nyerere, Man and Development 28)
 Development is a people focused concept, its
contents should be clarified on specific problems
related to specific people (Relevancy).
 Thus development should be context specific.
 Basic Concepts (cont…)
Development Planning
 Marcellus (2009), defined Development Planning
as a deliberate control and direction of the economy
by a central authority for the purpose of achieving
targeted objectives within a specified period of time
 Development planning, involves the planning of
societal goals and objectives and the mobilization
of natural, human, and financial resources needed
for their achievement
 Usually it includes time-based benchmarks and
evaluation criteria
 Basic Concepts (cont…)
A plan
 Means a set of targets within a specified period of
time, in hand with outlined strategies and set of
activities to meet the targets.
 Mainly this is the product of planning process
 A plan can be either comprehensive or partial
 Comprehensive plan: the targets covers almost all
aspects of the national economy. In Tanzania this is
mainly left to the national planning commission
 Partial plan: it targets to specific sectors of the
national economy. Eg agriculture, industry etc
 Nature/scope/ features of planning
 Planning is forward looking
 Planning is goal oriented
 It is a primary objective of the management
(basic functions at all managerial levels)
 It facilitate decision making
 Planning is based on facts (it is not a guess
work)
 Planning is flexible
 Innovative (it is a mental exercise)
 Elements of Planning
 Forecasting: logical foreseeing of the future in the
manner of minimizing possible risks for attainment of
developmental goals
 Objectives: All planning work must spell out in clear
terms the objectives to be realized from the proposed
course
 Policies: They set forth overall boundaries within
which the decision-makers are expected to operate
while making decisions. Policies act as guidelines for
taking administrative decisions.
 Procedural: Procedures outline a series of tasks for a
specified course of action
 Role of the planner
• The planning unit in any organization OR in a nation
has an obligation to plan, organize, coordinate, and
assist the top management to have facts that help them
carry out effective decisions for the achievement of
the organization’s OR National Developmental goals
• The planning unit is mainly for planners
• The major role of a planner is to structure the
planning processes in the sequence of the planning
cycle (planning process)
• Specifically planners’ roles includes:-
 Roles of the Planner (Cont…)
 Theoretician role
 National ideology and political advocacy role
 Advisory role
 Initiation and problem solving role
 Risk manager role
 Evaluation role
 Analyst role
 Policy innovation role
 Facilitation role
For further reading on the roles: Conyers & Hills
1984; Tanzania Planners Hand Book 1989
 Types of Planning
1. Financial and non-financial planning
2. Formal and informal planning
3. Operational vs Tactical Planning
4. Standing and ad hoc planning
5. Administrative and operational planning
6. Long term, mid term and short terms
planning
 Plan Period
Long Term Plan
 Is the long-term process that are used to reach
mission and vision. It determines the path for
business/programs/projects to reach their goals.
 It also reinforces and makes corrections to the
goals as the plan progresses.
 Normally covers ten years or more.
 The current long-term perspective plan is a 15-
year plan (2011/12–2025/26)
Medium-term Plan
 Covers a period of over one year up to five
years
 It outlines how the strategic plan will be
pursued
 Example: FYDP 2021/22-2025/26
 Short term plan
 Short-term planning relates to a period of less than
two year
 It is to accomplish objectives in the near future
 All long, medium, and short development plans are
designed to be the means of implementing the
Tanzania Development Vision 2025
 For example, in the context of Heavily Indebted Poor
Countries (HIPC) initiative, and with the help of
development partners, Tanzania adopted short- and
medium-term poverty-reduction strategies (PRS) as a
safety net for the poor.
Long-term Plans Medium-term Short-term Plans
(Up to 15 Years) Plans (2-5 Years) (Below 2 years)
The Tanzania Tanzania Five-Year Annual
Vision 2025/50 Development Plan plan/National
2021/22-2025/26 annual budget

The Long-Term NGPRS/MKUKUTA Annual planning

Perspective Plan II (2010/2011– guideline
2011/2012– 2014/2015) from Ministry of
2025/2026 Finance and
Economic Affairs
(MoFEA)

Sectoral policies Ruling Party

Manifesto
 PLANNING IN MIXED DEVELOPING
ECONOMIES
What is a Mixed-economy?
 The term 'mixed economy' can be defined in
several different ways, depending on the
criterion used: organization of production,
resource allocation or ownership of means of
production.
 Thus an economy in which production activity is
carried on in both private and public units is a
'mixed' economy
 Definition of Mixed Economy
Henry Tulkens ( 1976) defines a mixed
economy as an organization of society in which
the resource allocation decisions belong in part
to the private domain and are determined by
personal tastes and opportunities and in part to
the public domain in which groups of individuals
take decisions that affect other individuals who
are nevertheless bound by these decisions
 Planning in the mixed economy
In mixed economies, planning takes the indicative
form
Economic decisions are partly guided by the private
sector and partly made by state intervention
The state sector and the private sector both remain
active and play their respective roles
The role of the public sector is conceived of as that
of a facilitator promoting development in the
country.
The private sector is involved in providing goods
and services required for the economy to move
along a path of growth
 STYLES/APPROACHES OF
DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
Presentation Outline
 Blue Print Planning
 Process Planning
 Comprehensive Planning
 Jointed Vs. Disjointed Incrementalism
 Functional Planning
 Normative Planning
 Increamentalism Approach
 The term "incrementalism" was invented by Prof.
Ondbloom (1959), labeling it as a “science of muddling
through”
 The invention emphasizes the limitations of the
comprehensive approach of planning
 This approach holds that; the people and organizations
are not always rational
 Changes occurs in a political and social context. Where
all the dynamics of decision making cannot be grasped
by planners/planning authorities
 Incrementalism requires that we recognize the
socio-political realities of organizational decision
making and strive for, at best, an enlightened
partisanship of individuals and interest groups that
builds policy through many small steps, choosing
our values, goals, and means simultaneously.
 It deals with such problems in a disjointed manner
with only marginal departure from previous action
or decision (marginal adjustments).
 Increamentalism Approach
(cont..)
 Incrementalism, recognizes that organizational decision
making is limited by political, social, fiscal, and
temporal factors.
 It therefore places a premium on flexibility, practicality,
and participation.
 By allowing small incremental adjustments to
projects/programs as the need arises in respect to the
changing dynamics
 Characteristics/elements of
Increamentalism
 Progressive
 Without a defined ‘‘ends’’ considers ongoing tasks
 Tentatively/ direct attack approach (Dealing with or
handling the problem)
 Relative and Comparative in nature
 Backward (based on previous state/literal review). What
has been reached?
 It considers possible wrong decisions/planning
 The approach is considered to be opportunistic (Planners
are not innovative but reactionary)
 Attributes
 The approach implicitly recognizes that the planning
domain is a system that is fragmented and loosely
structured
 The incrementalist is believed to be concerned with
one problem at a time
 less costly and faster
 holds that in real life situation, selected policies and
courses of action are not necessarily the best or the
most rational, or the correct course of action. Rather,
policies and programs are taken because they are the
ones on which agreement could be reached
 Limitations
 The approach is myopic for considering only short-
term plans, which are hardly ever innovative
 It is not useful in situations where marginal
adjustment are totally unacceptable (on initiation of
new plans)
 It can only work satisfactorily in fragmented
systems, (decentralized decision making process)
 The mean-end relationship for determining if one
policy choice is better than another is absent as they
are simultaneously chosen
 It does not seem to have the knowhow of foreseeing
an impending problem
 COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH
 Sometimes referred as Rational-
Comprehensive approach
 It was formulated to address urban growth
problems (housing, waste management, health
services, infrastructure, water services) rose in
19th C.
 Comprehensive approach to planning is a
dominant tradition and that most other
approaches represent modifications or
reactions to this approach.
 COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH (Cont..)
 This approach is originated from a rational
theory (experts are the one who control the
whole process of planning through rational
decision making)
 The rational-comprehensive approach is defined
as an "approach whereby the programs put
forward for evaluation cover the available action
space and where the action space has itself been
derived from an exhaustive definition of the
problem to be solved
 COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH (Cont..)
 Major elements/stages of this approach includes:-
 Goal setting
 Identification of policy alternatives
 Evaluation (of alternatives) of means against ends
 Predict factors limiting function or operation of
alternatives
 Implementation of decisions
 Assess the extent at which the problem has been
solved and if possible report the outcome
 COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH (Cont..)
Strength
 It is aiming at problem solving (it is action
oriented plan)
 When procedures are well followed the results
are not questionable (logical, limiting factors,
analytical technique)
 COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH (Cont..)
Weakness of the Comprehensive Approach
 It deal with one problem at a time (after its
solution has been implemented) while in real
life problems are many, time and resources are
not enough
 Requires high financing
 Does not involve the community/the public
 BLUE PRINT APPROACH
 Also known as the Top Down Approach model or trickle
down model of development
 It takes the form of conventional planning (state/centered
planning) theory
 Blue print planning is "whereby a planning agency
operates a program thought to attain its objective with
certainty“
 The government/planning agency directs the entire
process of formulating, implementing policies and the
people have a passive position in the process and rarely
consulted.
 BLUE PRINT APPROACH (Cont..)
Major assumptions of the approach
 Clearly defined and generally accepted objectives
 Detailed and precise knowledge of the process to be
implemented
 There is the political will to use the available power
and resources
 Fixed timetable and well-known resources
 It involves hierarchical control
 Exhaustive analysis seen a solution to complex
problems
 BLUE PRINT APPROACH (Cont..)

Strengths of the Blue Print Approach

 Useful in emergencies were decisions are suppose to
be made timeously
 Emergences do not warrant consultation with
beneficiaries rather than coming up with quick
solutions
 Useful in civil engineering planning where the
environment is stable and not diverse
 Useful on integration with other planning approaches
 BLUE PRINT APPROACH (Cont..)
Criticism of the approach
It is rigid and not suitable for the complex and
diverse environments (too uniform)
Less participatory
Exclusion of the beneficiaries
Does not guarantee sustainability of the plans
limited resources challenge
Vertical communication system (directions
from the top and reports from the bottom)
 PROCESS PLANNING APPROACH
 Process planning is a bottom-up in nature, flexible
and action oriented
 Planning does not end after a plan has been finalized
 Priorities as well as aspects of operation are re-
examined regularly
 This approach suggests three successive stages of
planning
 learning to be effective
 learning to be efficient
 learning to expand
 PROCESS PLANNING (cont…)
 Process planning offers ordinary community
member to make decisions
 Process planning is an approach "whereby
programs are adapted during their
implementation as and when incoming
information requires"
 PROCESS PLANNING (cont…)
• Determinants of the planning success based on the
whole process of planning and not organizational
content
• The approach focuses on the process of achieving ‘fit’
between task, context and organizational variables.
• Such that the organization’s distinctive competence
fits the program’s task requirements, the program
outputs fit the beneficiary needs, and the
organizational decision-making process fits the
beneficiaries’ means of expressing their needs
 PROCESS PLANNING (cont…)
Strengths of Process Planning Approach
 Flexibility and learning orientation are keys to
greater effectiveness in achieving development
goals
 Active participation
 Planning is regarded as a social experiments to
reduce uncertainties and unknowns
 Involves community empowerment
 Consideration of relevancy and sustainability
 Ensures effectiveness and efficiency
 PROCESS PLANNING (cont…)
Criticism of the approach
 The approach is not useful in emergency
planning
 Time consuming
 Cost implications
 Inclusivity issue (powerful/dominants groups
may control decision making process)
 It tempts to ignore political influences and
power relations (donors and development
agencies) on planning
 NORMATIVE PLANNING APPROACH
 Was formulated in the late 1960’s and 1970’s
 Pro-humanistic approach
 This approach is participatory and follows an inductive
learning which leads to in-depth knowledge on a
subject matter
 Normative planning considers both means and ends in
the planning process
 Seeks to understand different meanings attached by
people to their environment (the way people interpret
their problems)
 NORMATIVE PLANNING APPROACH
(Cont…)
 In Normative planning the goals and objectives
are defined, while the limits of the action space of
a planning highly involves beneficiaries
 So in this approach existing facts and values of
the people are combined for better understanding
 The objects of rational choice and whereby that
choice is reviewed as and when the need arises"
 NORMATIVE PLANNING APPROACH
(Cont…)
Strengths of Normative Planning Approach
 It is participatory and humanistic in nature (this helps
in understanding well human nature and values)
 It is more action based (planner experiments together
with the people)
 It is more realistic
 Planning uses more in-depth knowledge
 Planning process in this approach is responsive as it
deals with specific problems
 NORMATIVE PLANNING APPROACH
(Cont…)
Criticism of Normative Planning Approach
 Time consuming
 It is too embracing and cumbersome (as it takes
everything in the society and some aspects may
be irrelevant)
 It is limited on application in the outside world
as it focuses on specific cases (non-universal)
 Can generate some controversies
 Planning has some quantitative aspects which
are difficult to understand
 FUNCTIONAL PLANNING APPROACH
 Assumes that ends are given either by a higher
authority or by planners’ assumptions
 Functional planning considers functional
rationality and ignores rationality
encompassing alternative ends
 Functional planning is "whereby the goals and
objectives defining interalia the limits of the
action space are not questioned
 END OF MODULE ONE

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

 CPDM 123

WELCOME TO MODULE 2

RATIONALE FOR PLANNING

 The Rationale for Planning
Resource Mobilization and Allocation
Argument
 This argument stresses that developing
economies cannot afford to waste their very
limited/scarce financial and skilled human
resources on unproductive ventures (projects)
 Investment projects must be chosen not solely
on the basis of partial productivity analysis but
also in the context of their consequences
(direct/indirect) and long-term objectives
 The Rationale for Planning (cont..)
Resource Mobilization and Allocation
Argument
 Planning is assumed to help by recognizing the
existence of particular constraints and by choosing
and coordinating investment projects so as to channel
these scarce factors/resources into their most
productive outlets (on meeting their long-term goals)
 In contrast, it is argued, competitive markets will
tend to generate less investment and to direct that
investment into areas of low social priority (e.g.
consumption goods for the rich)
 The Rationale for Planning (cont..)
Attitudinal or Psychological Argument
 It is assumed that a detailed statement of
national economic and social objectives in the
form of a specific development plan can have
an important attitudinal or psychological
impact on a diverse and often fragmented
population
 It may succeed in uniting the people behind
the government in a national campaign to
eliminate poverty, ignorance and disease
 The Rationale for Planning (cont..)
Attitudinal or Psychological Argument
 By mobilizing popular support and cutting across (the
fragmented population) with the request to all citizens
to work together towards building the nation
 It is argued that a central government, through its
economic plan, can best provide the needed incentives
to overcome the inhibiting and often divisive forces of
sectionalism and traditionalism in a common quest for
widespread material and social progress
 The Rationale for Planning (cont..)
Foreign Aid Argument
 The formulation of detailed development plans
has often been a necessary condition for the
receipt of bilateral and multilateral foreign aid.
 With a list of projects, governments are better
equipped to solicit foreign assistance and
persuade donors that their money will be used
as an essential ingredient in a well-conceived
and internally consistent plan of action.
 The Rationale for Planning (cont..)
Market Failure Argument
 It refers to a phenomenon that results from the
existence of market imperfections (e.g., monopoly
power, lack of factor mobility, significant
externalities, lack of knowledge) that weaken the
functioning of a market economy.
 It is when markets do not organize production or
goods allocation efficiently
 It does not imply non-existence/ non-working of
markets rather it is all about markets being not
working well on production and distribution of goods
 The Rationale for Planning (cont..)
Market Failure Argument
 In economic theory this means that the productivity of
the country is increasing (as resources and labour move
from failing to performing enterprises and wealth is
created.
 This has a negative implications for developing countries
since, efficient producers are often from other countries,
 This means that local inefficient enterprises will be
dumped and often leads to jobs losses where people and
resources are not simply re-allocated to more productive
producers
 The Rationale for Planning (cont..)
Market Failure Argument
 There are three general forms in which market failure
can be observed:
 The market cannot function properly or no market
exists;
 The market exists but implies an inefficient allocation of
resources
 The market produces undesirable results as measured by
social objectives other than the allocation of resources.
 Market failures can occur in situations in which social
costs or benefits differ from the private costs or benefits
of firms or consumers
 The Rationale for Planning (cont..)
 Market Failure Argument
 The failure of the market to price factors of production
correctly is further assumed to lead to gross disparities
between social and private valuations of alternative
investment projects
 In the absence of governmental interference, therefore,
the market is said to lead to a misallocation of present
and future resources or, at least, to an allocation that may
not be in the best long-run social interests
 It is therefore argued that governments have an
important role to play in integrating markets and
modifying prices.
 END OF MODULE TWO

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

 CPDM 123

WELCOME TO MODULE THREE (3)

CLASSIFICATION
OF
PLANNING ACTIVITIES

By: Palanda Ninoo

 Module Coverage
Classification based on Planning Goal
Classification based on Scope
Classification based on Spatial Levels of
Planning
Classification based on Operational Level of
planning
 Classification based on Planning Goal
War-time Planning; this is a kind of planning in
the case emergencies. For example on disasters
Town and country Planning; it is a concern
with the allocation of land between different
activities or functions. Eg; land use planning,
physical planning, urban and regional planning
Anticyclical Planning; is the plan designed to
maintain stability in national economy and to
counteract booms and depression
 Classification based on Scope of Planning
Activities
Social Planning
Economic Planning
Natural Resources Planning
 An overview of scope
• Did your plan ask for this?
…And end up building this instead?
 An overview of scope
 Scope
Refers to all the work involved in creating the
products/deliverables of the project or plan
and the processes used to create them.
It defines what is or is not to be done
Social Planning
 Social Planning

 Conceptualizing the word ‘Social‘

The word social can imply the public interest
(general concern) or it can imply ‘peoples’
interaction and participation’, or activity
attempts to take care of basic social needs
 Social Planning (cont..)
 Conceptually, social planning has no single
definition. The meaning of social planning can be
generated based on various views:-
 Societal transformation view; social planning is the
rehab and transformation of society as a whole
 On this view social planning involves envisioning a
better society. Formulating transformative strategies
(current societal-better society of the future)
 Planning initiatives under this view are holistic in
nature (economical, social political and public
participation and other sectors in the country)
 Social Planning (cont..)
Redistribution view; In this view, social
planners seek to reduce socio-economic
inequalities so as:-
 To reduce and even eliminating poverty
 Stimulating economic growth
 Eliminating the threat of bloody revolution
against the existing order
 Social Planning (cont..)
 At its conception social planning took a
conventional form, but currently, practitioners
moved towards participatory approach
 common features of social planning includes:
 Mapping the needs of the population through data
collection and aggregation
 Assessing the data in order to target funding to the
areas or sectors of highest need
 Continuous monitoring and evaluation
 Involvement of multiple stakeholders
Natural Resources Planning
 Meaning of Natural Resource; Natural resources
are physical assets provided by nature
• Natural resources are materials created in nature
that are used and usable by humans. They include
natural substances (such as soil) and energy supplies
(such as coal) that serve to satisfy human needs
• Materials occurring in the environment thus only
become a resource if people attach great importance
to them
• Natural resources are materials created in
nature that are used and usable by humans.
They include natural substances (such as soil)
and energy supplies (such as coal) that serve to
satisfy human needs
• Materials occurring in the environment thus
only become a resource if people attach great
importance to them
Natural resources are
 Biotic natural resources; Include all living
thing such as Plants, animals, and fossil, fuels
 Abiotic natural resources; are non-living things
such as Land, water, air and minerals
 Natural Resource Planning
The identification of possible desirable future end
states, and development of courses of action to
reach such end states
• Natural resource planning therefore, focus around
optimal and equitable use and distribution of
resources, based on principles of sustainability
• Natural resource management thus comprises actual
decisions and actions concerning policy and practice
regarding how resources are appraised, protected,
allocated, developed, utilized, processed,
rehabilitated, remediated and restored, monitored and
evaluated
• Natural Resources Planners faces a number of
challenges
 CONFLICTS CHANGE

CHALLENGES

UNCERTAINTY COMPLEXITY
Why Natural resource planning?
It is good to be green and its not easy.
Managing natural resources is a concern of
every national, state, and local government in
the world
Natural resources offer commercial,
recreational, and ecological services and
ecosystem services
Economic Planning
Is Economic Development equals or same to Economic Growth?

 Economic Growth; means ‘more output’; involve not

only more output but also greater efficiency, i.e. an
increase in output per unit. (quantitative expansions).
Eg. Increase in per capita income, high GDP, trade
volume etc

 Economic Development; both more output and changes

in the technical and institutional arrangement by which
it is produced and distributed; imply changes in the
composition of output and in the allocation of inputs by
sectors (more outputs with changes). Eg. Changes in
economic wants, goods, incentives etc
 Meaning of Economic Planning
 Todaro and Smith (2011), define economic planning
as a deliberate and conscious attempt by the state
to formulate decisions on how the factors of
production shall be allocated among different users or
industries, thereby determining how much of total
goods and services shall be produced in one or more
ensuing periods
 Jhingan (2011), define economic planning as a
deliberate control and direction of the economy by a
central authority for the purpose of achieving
definite targets and objectives within a specified
period of time
 Economic planning
 Therefore economic planning seeks to:-
 Ensure existence of a sound economic base to finance
operations and pay or provision of the services to the
public
 To promote economic growth and opportunities for
enhancement of individuals rather than diminishing
freedom or eliminating the market
 Economic planning mainly is comprehensive and thus
sometimes it provides for social and physical
planning.
• Thus attainment of economic goals, sometimes
demands support of improvement on social side
 Objectives of Economic Planning
• Economic Development
• Increase employment
• Economic stability
• Social welfare and services
• Comprehensive development
• Reducing economic inequalities
 Main features of economic planning
• The government mobilizes resources
(domestic and foreign financial assistance)
• The government adopt various monetary and
fiscal policies for the functioning of the market
sector of the economy
• It is comprehensive
 Classification on Operational level of
planning
Project planning
Sectoral planning
Integrated area planning
Sectoral Planning
 Sectoral Planning
 Sectoral planning is the process that involves
detailed situation analyses of the sectors, but it
focuses more on how to move to future
objectives
 Thus, it includes the planning initiatives at
each economic or service sector by
highlighting sectorial-specific potentials and
limitations in each of the sectors and actions to
improve it
 Sectoral Planning (cont..)
 Sectoral Planning can be divided into two levels:-
 State sectoral planning
 deals with planning at state levels (e.g., highways,
railways, airports, mining, waterways, protection
areas
 Local level sectoral planning
 where local authorities are responsible for sectoral
planning eg: TARURA,
 Sectoral Planning (cont..)
 Major sectors includes:-
Productive sectors (agriculture, livestock, and
environment)
Economy servicing sector (social
infrastructure, economic infrastructure)
Manufacturing and processing sector
(Industrial)
 Sectoral Planning (cont..)
 For local economic development to take place, these
sectors need two large transformations.
 The first transformation is on sectoral integration
with the market for acquiring inputs, on the one
hand, and for marketing what is produced, on the
other hand.
 The second transformation has to do with the inter-
linkage of the sectors themselves
 These transformations are due to the fact that Sectors
has backward and forward linkages to each other
 Sectoral Planning (cont..)
 Therefore the major aim of sectoral planning is to
promote balanced and sustainable development
by focusing on the unique requirements of each
sector while ensuring coherence and coordination
across different sectors
 To addresses various concerns arising within
sectors through analyzing the needs, resources
and challenges within specific sectors and
formulating policies and other initiatives to
address them efficiently
 Sectoral Planning (cont..)
Sector Concerns for An example of a
planning plan

Productive sectors -Smallholder Agriculture Policy

eg. Agriculture, farmers of 2013
livestock productive National Irrigation
conditions Policy of 2009
-prices control Agricultural
Sector
Development
Program (ASDP)
Integrated Area Planning
 Integrated Area Development Approach

 This approach mainly developed as a strategy for

rural development
 In this approach, a small area is selected and all the
sectors are developed within that geographical area
 This selection may be based on:-
 The area has some potential resources
 Is the most problematic and deprived area
Eg: on issues like health, education, transportation,
housing etc
 Integrated Area Development Planning

 This approach considers development in holistic

perspectives. That, development should be an
integrated one.
 There are connections established between various
programs. Some initiatives combine social and
economic development with physical development
projects (multiple goals)
 Planning goals on this approach are to get
accomplished by building the capacity of the
community to participate in the development
processes in partnership with the Government
 Features of integrated area development
approach
Participation
Decentralization
Multi-disciplinarity
Multi-goals or packages within a project or
several projects to a target population
 Social
Economic Sphere DVT
Sphere DVT

TARGET
AREA DVT

Ecological
Infrastructures sphere DVT
sphere
DVT
 In this approach, even where single issues
such as housing are considered, cross-cutting
concerns such as poverty, gender,
sustainability and economic development can
be incorporated in the targeted area.
Project Planning
 Project planning is a form of operational
planning whereby the consecutive steps to
implement the project activities are carefully
mapped out based on the analysis of related
information and linked to the program or
polices it working to
 Spatial Level of Planning Classification
Introducing the concept of decentralization
An Overview of Spatial Level Planning

Types of Planning
National level Planning
Provincial, Regional or District level
Planning
Local, Village or Town level Planning
An Overview of Spatial Level Planning

 Spatial levels of planning are rooted over space or

territory. It gives geographical expression to the
economic, social, cultural and ecological policies
of society
 Planning is undertaken at different spatial levels.
In this case, when planning, planners should take
on board all conditions related to the spatial level
they are planning for
 So, Spatial planning focuses only in the overall
development of certain regions
National level Planning
(Macro level)
 Planning functions carried out at the national level
 National-level spatial planning can be classified into
two schematic types comprehensive and sectoral
 Comprehensive planning; seeks to take as integrated
and multi-sectoral a view as is feasible, both
geographically and subject-wise, and seeks to guide
the use of land for all types of needs in a
coordinated fashion
 Sectoral planning deals with a single sector
 National plans are formulated for the welfare
and development of the nation.
 National planning aim at ensuring optimal
utilization of national potentials and resources.
Eg; SGR,
 In our country, Planning Commission is the
central agency to design plans for various
sectors of economy such as agriculture,
industry etc
Provincial, Regional or District level
Planning (Meso Level)
 What is a region?
It is an ambiguous term as it is used differently
In many cases, ‘region’ is confused with the
term ‘area’.
An area is a part of earth surface separated or
subdivided in various sizes without any
defining criteria.
 An earth surface is only a region if it is
separated or delineated (delimited or defined)
in terms of certain criteria
Regions are interrelated parts of a country,
natural units, and self-contained in terms of
geographical advantages, natural resources,
soil conditions, natural and man-made
transportation routes
Example of regions includes; administrative
regions, problem regions, ecological regions
etc
 What is Regional Planning?
 Regional planning is a type of planning that deals
with designing placement of infrastructure and
other elements across a region to facilitate
functional interrelationships between internally
homogeneous but mutually dissimilar sub-units.
 A planning region may include several towns,
cities, or even parts of different countries
 The keys to regional planning are the multi-sector,
integration, and functional relationships between the
sub-units of the region
 The focus is to ensure that regional potentials are
unleashed and that proper actions to address
requiring regional attention are determined
 Regional development planning, just like other
types of planning, has three main phases;
Phase I is situation analysis,
Phase II plan design
Phase III planning for implementation,
monitoring, and evaluation
Local, Village or Town level
Planning (Micro Level)
 Local area planning is a process of planning that is
concerned with resolving local level problems and
issues.
 Its priorities include over all welfare of the people and
development of the local area
 Maintenance of social services and amenities, keeping
surroundings and local environment clean and green are
some of its continuous concerns
 In terms of size, it is the smallest planning unit with
reference to people and places (lowest level of
[planning).
 Different areas have distinct problems and potentials to
solve such problems.
 Hence it present, unique needs for planning. But every
area which has problems has also possibilities to solve
such problems
 For example; the problems of mining areas could be
specially taken up for planning.
 Through participatory approach local level planning
seem to be a way to present the actual situations of the
local areas
 Planning at this level is highly influenced by economic
conditions and finances availability in the area.
The following are the basic requirements of local area
planning:
1) Formulation of objectives or goals
2) Fixing targets of planning and its priorities to be
achieved
3) Mobilization of resources for the execution of plan
4) Creating necessary social group or organization for
the implementation of the plan
5)Regular evaluation and monitoring of the progress
made
END OF MODULE THREE (3)

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

 CPDM 123

WELCOME TO MODULE
FOUR (4)

PLANNING PROCESS

By: Palanda Ninoo

 Planning Process Overview
 A course of activity that is intended to improve
understanding of the nature of problems requiring
examination of the alternative possible solutions that exist
and of the relative merits of these alternatives
 This process provides the means to focus an organization's
resources, capabilities while managing risks
 The steps are defined in a logical fashion to ensure
succeeding steps are directly traceable to the previous step
 This inherently ensures that the results are traceable to the
initial inputs
 There is no set formula for planning
 Problem
definition
M&E of
the plan Goals and
objectives

Operational Analysis
plans and
forecasting

Tactical Developing
plans strategies
1. Defining a mission (problem definition)

 Description of project’s fundamental purpose

 Problem identification and definition always
answers why the project/program exist
 This leads to development of the organization’s
mission which is a broader aim/purpose
 It should be short and clear
For example; To ensure sustainable access to safe and
adequate water supply to the surrounding community
 2. Setting Goals and objectives
 Goals are broader while objectives are specific and
sometimes referred as performance goals
 These always are set in positive statements
 Problems identified in step 1 are changed to solutions
 On setting goals and objectives, it will be possible to
identify constraints for achievement of the stated goals
Example; GOAL: To contribute to improved access to
safe, clean and adequate water by 70% by 2020
OBJECTIVE: To construct 20 water collection points
 3. Analysis and forecasting
Including alternative
 In this stage planning involves analysis of the
identified problem and environment. Tools such
as SWOT, PEST can be employed
 Drawing assumptions about the future on the basis
of which the plans will be ultimately formulated
 Forecasting is an essential part of planning as it is
vital on evaluating available alternatives
 Assumptions the key to the success of planning as
they supply pertinent facts and information
regarding the future
 4. Developing strategies
 An organization process of determining
organizational direction and decision making
on allocating its resources to attain the goals
 Determine how the goals and purpose of the
plan by the available resources within a given
period of time will be attained
 This is mainly done by the highest positions in
the organization.
 5. Tactical planning
 Involves breaking broader strategic goals into small
 Middle manager interprets these goals and
develops tactical plans for their department that can
be achieved within one year or less
 Involves the process of making the detailed plan on
what to do and how to do it e.g.
 Who will identify the site?
 Who will construct the reservoir?
 How these collection points be designed?
etc
 6. Develop Operational Plans
 Operational plans are short term and deal with day-to-
day activities of lower levels of the planning team
 Short term goals are aligned with the long-term goals
and can be achieved within one year
 Supervisors set standards, set schedule, secure
resources and prepare report progress (tools such as
Gant charts, work breakdown structures can be used
here)
 Here very detailed report is needed about operations,
personnel, material and equipment
• Eg: none of the community members is allowed to
wash clothes around water points
 7. M&E of the Plan
 Monitoring is a systematic and continuous collecting,
analysis and using available information for the
management purpose and decision-making while
reviewing each stage of the plan to ensure effectiveness
and efficiency of the project
 Obviously once a plan is carried out it generates certain
output
 The progress must be well monitored and evaluated
(monitoring and process evaluation)
 There is a need to check the progress of plans and
taking any necessary steps to improve the plans if
needed
Characteristics of the planning process
 It should not be an accidental or random selection
of activities
 Planning is a cyclic and not a straightforward
technical issue
 Thus, the later stages can “feed back” and lead to
revisions in earlier stages and early work clearly
carries implications for later stages, which is to
say it “feeds forward.”
 It is systematic
 It is analytical
END OF MODULE FOUR (4)

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION