V.

Industry

Topic: Energy resources,

balance, generation
and consumption
 The power industry plays crucial role in all the fields
and branches of industry. The amount of electricity
produces per head is the basic indicator of the socio-
economic development of the country.

 Electricity conditions the development of all the sectors

of the economy, deciding with other factors, the
civilisational level of individual people’s lives, enabling
them to use all the modern technologies.

 It also conditions the development of culture,

education, and science, through, among other things,
various media, which would not exist without electricty.
This is the reason for the constant increase in its
production nearly all over the world.
 Energy (re)sources
 ER are divided into renewable and
non-renewable.
 1. Power (of): wind, geothermal, solar,
living organism (biomass), tides and
ocean currents, hydroelectric.
 2. Coal, lignite, petroleum (crude oil),
natural gas, radioactive elements –
the most popular, hence the danger of
their exhaustion.
 A little bit of a history…
 For many centuries wood was the most important
source of energy: households, forges, smelters.
 In the early 19th coal became the main source of
energy (transport!)
 At the end of 19th the power and chemical properties of
crude oil were discovered (Disel’s engine) – black gold
PLUS kerosene lamp: Ignacy Łukasiewicz + Bóbrka.
 Demand for oil grew, but supply was not sufficient for
demand and this caused the enrgy crisis of the 1970. As
a result, people began to look for and use another
energy sources. Oil decreased as a proportion of global
energy production, while the role of radioactive
elements, natural gas and hydroelectric power has
increased…
 Breaksdowns at nuclear power stations (1979 –
Three Mile Island, 1986 – Chernobyl) has led to
less use of nuclear fuels. Interest in renewable
sources of energy, however, especially wind and
solar radiation, has grown. The use of such sources
is favoured by sustainable development strategies,
meaning economic activity that does not harm the
environment.
 The use of energy sources in the world economy
indicates the great importance of non-renewable
resources. The combustion of coal and lignite,
crude oil and natural gas produces 65% of global
energy. This is due to their high calorific content,
their abundance and the relatively simple methods
of using them.
 Stone (hard) coal – mineral fuel occurring
at a various dephts and showing various
calorific values, which influences the costs
and profitability of its extraction.
 In 190s it lost its leading position to crude oil
and natural gas.
 The largest world resources of stone coal are
fiund in the USA (345), China (13%),
Germany (5,6%), Poland (2,7%), Russia.
 Coke - a grey, hard, and porous fuel with a
high carbon content and few impurities,
made by heating coal in the absence of air .
 Lignite (brown coal) – low calorific,
contians large amount of moisture,
and is not suitable for longer
transportation; thus, it is burnt in the
power stations located in the vicinity
of its mines (generally surface-
mining).
 Germany (20%), China (10%),
Russia, USA, Poland, Czech Republic.
 Peat (turf) – formed from dead bog
vegetation; very low fuel value and it
is used locally (i.e. Finnland and
Ireland).
 The largest seams in Russia and
Belarus.
 Crude oil – the most importatnt power
resource having the higest calorific value.
 Both extraction and transportation are
cheaper than of coal (pipes and tankers).
 Hydrocarbon, generally in porous sedimentary
rocks.
 Oilfields are found in all continents, in the
geological deposites of various ages. The
richest: the Gulf (Persian area) (30%).
 One barrel – 159 l.
 Peak oil - the year when the maximum rate of
extraction of petroleum is reached, after which
it is expected to enter terminal decline.
 Natural gas – most ecological fuel,
convenient for transporting; very
often occurs close to oilfields.
 Shale gas!
 Substitute natural gas – biogas (i.e.
landfill gas).
 Nuclear power – meet about 17% of
the world demand for energy; in 30
ciuntries.
 Yhe basis for the development of
nuclear power engineering are
fissionable materials: uranium and
thorium.
 1kg uf uranium gives the same amount
of energy as 2500 tons of coal!
 Renewable sources
 At present, they are not used commonly, as it is
too expensive and not so predictable…
 It is predominantly used in the regions of
especially convenient natural conditions, i.e. in
Norway more then 95% of the country demand for
energy is met by using the fall of water masses, in
Brazil more then 90%...
 Mediterranean countries use solar batteries,
Germany successfully uses wind energy, and
France exploits the difference in tides.
 Use of renewable power resources in the world
electricity production, however, is still mediocre.
 Water power =
hydropower
 In the past – moved mills.
 Making use of water energy needs high capital
expenditure on the construction of costly dams,
hydroelectric power plants and high-voltage
transmission lines.
 Limitead also by the threats posed to the natural
environment (soil structure, climate changes, loss of
farmland, resettlement of people).
 In Poland – poorly developed, unevenly distributed,
about 400 medium and small water power station.
 Two kinds of HP: dams (pumped-storage plant) and run
of river (fish ladder!) ([Link]
v=q8HmRLCgDAI)
 Tidal and waves power
 Used seldom.
 Power stations using the energy of ebbs and
flows of the sea are built in the places where
tidal amplitude is over 10 m (White Sea,
Canada, China, South Korea, New Zealand).
 Very high costs of both construction and
exploitation, BUT more predictable than sun
and wind!
 Waves energy – very new; Scotland, Portugal
 [Link]
v=VkTRcTyDSyk
 Wind-power stations
 In the future used mainly by farms
located far from electricity transmission
lines and in the regions with strong
winds.
 As wind-power potential is higher on the
seas than on lands, more and more often
wind-power stations are installed on
offshore waters.
 Poland has poor wind conditions (10%),
BUT in Denmark almost 50% of energy
demand!
 Solar-power plant
 Solar energy - essential source of renewable
energy, and its technologies broadly characterized
as either passive solar (orienting a building to the
Sun ) or active solar depending on how they
capture and distribute solar energy or convert it
into solar power.
 Active solar techniques include the use of
photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power,
and solar water heating to harness the energy.
 Geothermal energy
 Acquired from a stream of heat being
brought from the hot interior of the Earth.
 Poland uses geothermal waters from 30
to 120 C degrees, which enables to get
heat energy rather than electricity.
 Be careful with hot springs!
 Iceland and Phillipines.
 Biomass energy
 Substance of animal or plant origin,
existing in form of wood, straw, sewage
deposits and organic waste (manure).
 Burning biomass does not increase the
amount of CO2 in the air, as it equals the
amount of that gas plants get from the
atmosphere during photosynthesis.
 About half the power capacity of natural
gas
 Brazil – leader, then Germany and Sweden.
 Energy balance - verification and
analysis of emergence,
transformation and use of energy
sources within a country; is an
aggregate presentation of all human
activities related to energy, except
for natural and biological processes.
Energy balance in Poland
 Electricity production is falling, with the biggest decrease
being seen in production from lignite and hard coal. The
share of coal in electricity production in 2019 was 73.6%,
4.8 percentage points less than in 2018.
 In 2019, the import of electricity to Poland almost doubled .
 Last year, the largest amount of electricity from RES was
produced - over 25 TWh. It is the highest in history.
However, this result is still too low to meet EU obligations.
 The paradox of the domestic coal market: despite the
constant high demand for this resource, its production in
Polish mines is decreasing and at the same time its
reserves on heaps are increasing.
 Diversification of gas supplies. Imports from Russia account
for less than 50% of the blue fuel supplies to Poland.
Changes in installed RES
capacity

[Link]
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 Electricity generation
 is the process of generating electric power from
sources of primary energy.
 Electricity is not freely available in nature, so it
must be "produced" (that is, transforming other
forms of energy to electricity).
 Production is carried out in power stations (also
called "power plants").
 Electricity is most often generated at a power
plant by electromechanical generators,
primarily driven by heat engines fueled by
combustion or nuclear fission but also by other
means…
 World energy consumption is the
total energy produced and used by
humans. Typically measured per year, it
involves all energy harnessed from every
energy source applied towards activity
across all industrial and technological
sectors, in every country. It does not
include energy from food. World energy
consumption has implications for the
socio-economic-political sphere.
 Energy security - the association between national
security and the availability of natural resources for
energy consumption.
 Access to (relatively) cheap energy has become essential
to the functioning of modern economies .
 However, the uneven distribution of energy supplies
among countries has led to significant vulnerabilities.
 Renewable resources and significant opportunities for
energy efficiency and transitions exist over wide
geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources,
which are concentrated in a limited number of countries.
 Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy
efficiency, and technological diversification of energy
sources, would result in significant energy security and
economic benefits.
 Polish energetics
 Prawie 96% energii elektrycznej produkowanej w
Polsce pochodziło z elektrowni węglowych w proporcji
ok. 40% z węgla brunatnego i ok. 60% z węgla
kamiennego.
 Kluczowym surowcem do 2030 r. pozostanie węgiel
kamienny, jednak jego udział w produkcji
elektryczności spadnie do 40%.
 Energia odnawialna ma zwiększyć swój udział do 15%,
nawet 10% zużywanej energii elektrycznej ma
pochodzić z planowanej polskiej elektrowni atomowej o
mocy 1200 MW.