Fifth SI Edition
CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
2 Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf Stress and Strain
David F. Mazurek
– Axial Loading
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
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Contents
Stress & Strain: Axial Loading Generalized Hooke’s Law
Normal Strain Dilatation: Bulk Modulus
Stress-Strain Test Shearing Strain
Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials Example 2.10
Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials Relation Among E, , and G
Hooke’s Law: Modulus of Elasticity Sample Problem 2.5
Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior Composite Materials
Fatigue Saint-Venant’s Principle
Deformations Under Axial Loading Stress Concentration: Hole
Example 2.01 Stress Concentration: Fillet
Sample Problem 2.1 Example 2.12
Static Indeterminacy Elastoplastic Materials
Example 2.04 Plastic Deformations
Thermal Stresses Residual Stresses
Poisson’s Ratio Example 2.14, 2.15, 2.16
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Stress & Strain: Axial Loading
• Suitability of a structure or machine may depend on the deformations in
the structure as well as the stresses induced under loading. Statics
analyses alone are not sufficient.
• Considering structures as deformable allows determination of member
forces and reactions which are statically indeterminate.
• Determination of the stress distribution within a member also requires
consideration of deformations in the member.
• Chapter 2 is concerned with deformation of a structural member under
axial loading. Later chapters will deal with torsional and pure bending
loads.
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Normal Strain
Fig. 2.1
Fig. 2.3
Fig. 2.4
P 2P P P
stress
A 2A A A
2
normal strain
L L 2L L
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Stress-Strain Test
Fig 2.7 This machine is used to test tensile test specimens, Fig 2.8 Test specimen with tensile load.
such as those shown in this chapter.
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Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials
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Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials
Fig 2.1 Stress-strain diagram for a typical brittle material.
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Hooke’s Law: Modulus of Elasticity
• Below the yield stress
E
E Youngs Modulus or
Modulus of Elasticity
• Strength is affected by alloying,
heat treating, and manufacturing
process but stiffness (Modulus of
Elasticity) is not.
Fig 2.16 Stress-strain diagrams for iron and
different grades of steel.
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Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior
• If the strain disappears when the
stress is removed, the material is
said to behave elastically.
• The largest stress for which this
occurs is called the elastic limit.
• When the strain does not return
to zero after the stress is
removed, the material is said to
behave plastically.
Fig. 2.18
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Fatigue
• Fatigue properties are shown on
S-N diagrams.
• A member may fail due to fatigue
at stress levels significantly
below the ultimate strength if
subjected to many loading cycles.
• When the stress is reduced below
the endurance limit, fatigue
failures do not occur for any
number of cycles.
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Deformations Under Axial Loading
• From Hooke’s Law:
P
E
E AE
• From the definition of strain:
L
• Equating and solving for the deformation,
PL
AE
• With variations in loading, cross-section or
material properties,
PL
i i
Fig. 2.22 i Ai Ei
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Example 2.01
SOLUTION:
• Divide the rod into components at
the load application points.
• Apply a free-body analysis on
each component to determine the
internal force
• Evaluate the total of the component
Determine the deformation of deflections.
the steel rod shown under the
given loads.
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SOLUTION: • Apply free-body analysis to each
• Divide the rod into three component to determine internal forces,
components: P1 240 103 N
P2 60 103 N
P3 120 103 N
• Evaluate total deflection,
Pi Li 1 P1 L1 P2 L2 P3 L3
i Ai Ei E A1 A2 A3
1
240 103 0.3 60 103 0.3 120 103 0.4
200 109 58110 6 58110 6 194 10 6
1.73 10 3 m
1.73 mm
L1 L2 0.3m L3 0.4m
A1 A2 58110-6 m 2 A3 194 10-6 m 2
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Sample Problem 2.1
SOLUTION:
• Apply a free-body analysis to the
bar BDE to find the forces exerted
by links AB and DC.
• Evaluate the deformation of links
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two AB and DC or the displacements of
links AB and CD. B and D.
Link AB is made of aluminum (E = 70 • Work out the geometry to find the
GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 500 deflection at E given the deflections
mm2. Link CD is made of steel (E = 200 at B and D.
GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of
(600 mm2).
For the 30-kN force shown, determine the
deflection a) of B, b) of D, and c) of E.
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Sample Problem 2.1
SOLUTION: Displacement of B:
PL
Free body: Bar BDE B
AE
60 103 N 0.3 m
500 10-6 m2 70 109 Pa
514 10 6 m
B 0.514 mm
M B 0
Displacement of D:
0 30 kN 0.6 m FCD 0.2 m
PL
FCD 90 kN tension
D
AE
M D 0
90 103 N 0.4 m
0 30 kN 0.4 m FAB 0.2 m 600 10-6 m2 200 109 Pa
FAB 60 kN compression 300 10 6 m
D 0.300 mm
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Sample Problem 2.1
Displacement of D:
BB BH
DD HD
0.514 mm 200 mm x
0.300 mm x
x 73.7 mm
EE HE
DD HD
E
400 73.7 mm
0.300 mm 73.7 mm
E 1.928 mm
E 1.928 mm
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Static Indeterminacy
• Structures for which internal forces and reactions
cannot be determined from statics alone are said
to be statically indeterminate.
• A structure will be statically indeterminate
whenever it is held by more supports than are
required to maintain its equilibrium.
• Redundant reactions are replaced with
unknown loads which along with the other
loads must produce compatible deformations.
• Deformations due to actual loads and redundant
reactions are determined separately and then added
or superposed.
L R 0
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Example 2.04
Determine the reactions at A and B for the steel
bar and loading shown, assuming a close fit at
both supports before the loads are applied.
SOLUTION:
• Consider the reaction at B as redundant, release
the bar from that support, and solve for the
displacement at B due to the applied loads.
• Solve for the displacement at B due to the
redundant reaction at B.
• Require that the displacements due to the loads
and due to the redundant reaction be
compatible, i.e., require that their sum be zero.
• Solve for the reaction at A due to applied loads
and the reaction found at B.
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Example 2.04
SOLUTION:
• Solve for the displacement at B due to the applied
loads with the redundant constraint released,
P1 0 P2 P3 600 103 N P4 900 103 N
A1 A2 400 10 6 m 2 A3 A4 250 10 6 m 2
L1 L2 L3 L4 0.150 m
Pi Li 1.125 109
L
A
i i iE E
• Solve for the displacement at B due to the redundant
constraint,
P1 P2 RB
A1 400 10 6 m 2 A2 250 10 6 m 2
L1 L2 0.300 m
δR
Pi Li
1.95 103 RB
A
i i iE E
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Example 2.04
• Require that the displacements due to the loads and due to
the redundant reaction be compatible,
L R 0
1.125 109 1.95 103 RB
0
E E
RB 577 103 N 577 kN
• Find the reaction at A due to the loads and the reaction at B
Fy 0 R A 300 kN 600 kN 577 kN
R A 323 kN
R A 323 kN
RB 577 kN
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Thermal Stresses
• A temperature change results in a change in length or
thermal strain. There is no stress associated with the
thermal strain unless the elongation is restrained by
the supports.
• Treat the additional support as redundant and apply
the principle of superposition.
PL
T T L P
AE
thermal expansion coef.
• The thermal deformation and the deformation from
the redundant support must be compatible.
T P 0 PL
T L 0
AE
P AE T
P
E T
A
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