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Universiteti
Analytic
Geometry
Space Coordinates
and
Vectors in Space
Up to this point we have been
primarily concerned with the two-
dimensional coordinate system.
Much of the practical and most
important problems encountered in
analytic geometry and calculus involve
the three-dimensional coordinate
Before extending the concept of a
vector to three dimensions you must
be able to identify points in the .
You can construct
this system by
passing a -axis
perpendicular to
both the - and -
axes at the origin
Taken as pairs, the axes
determine three
:
• the plane
• the plane
• the plane
These three coordinate planes
separate three-space into eight . The
first octant is the one for which all
In this three-dimensional system a
point in space is determined by an
ordered triple where
• directed distance from plane to
• directed distance from plane to
• directed distance from plane to
The dimensional rotatable graphs that
are available in MATLAB can help you
visualize points or objects in space.
Several
points are
shown in .
A threedimensional
coordinate system
can have either a
or a orientation.
To determine the orientation of a
system imagine that you are standing
at the origin with your arms pointing
in the direction of the positive and
axes and with the axis pointing up (see
The system is or depending on which
hand points along the axis.
In this course you will work exclusively
with the system.
Many of the formulas established for
the dimensional coordinate system
can be extended to three dimensions.
For example to find
the distance
between two points
in space you can
use the twice (as
shown in ).
By doing this you will obtain the
formula for the between the points
and as
A with center at and radius is
defined to be the set of all points such
that the distance between and is
exactly .
You can use the to find the of radius
centered at .
If is an arbitrary point on the sphere
then the equation of the sphere is
Moreover the of the line segment
joining the points and has
coordinates
Find the distance between the points
and .
Find the standard equation of the
sphere that has the points and as
endpoints of a diameter.
In space vectors are denoted by
ordered triples
The is denoted by .
Using the unit vectors
the for is
This is shown in .
If is represented by
the directed line
segment from
to
(as shown in then the
component form of is
written by subtracting
the coordinates of and
So
Let and be vectors in space and let
be a scalar.
1. : if and only if and .
2. :
3. : If is represented by the directed
line segment from to then
4. :
5. :
6. :
The properties of vector operations
listed in (see the previous lecture) are
also valid for vectors in space.
Find the component form and
magnitude of the vector having initial
point and terminal point .
Then find a unit vector in the direction
of .
Recall from the definition of scalar
multiplication that positive scalar
multiples of a nonzero vector have the
same direction as whereas negative
multiples have the direction opposite
of .
In general two nonzero vectors and
are parallel when there is some scalar
such that
For example in the vectors and are
parallel because
Two nonzero
vectors and are
parallel when there
is some scalar
Vector has initial point and terminal
point .
Which of the following vectors is
parallel to ?
Determine whether the points
are collinear.
Write the vector in component form.
Find the terminal point of the vector
given that the initial point is .
Find the magnitude of the vector
Then find a unit vector in the direction
of .
A television camera weighing pounds
is supported by a tripod
as shown in .
Represent the force exerted on each
leg of the tripod as a vector.
Solution
Let the vectors and represent the
forces exerted on the three legs.
From you can determine the
directions of and to be as follows:
Solution (continued)
Because each leg has the same length
and the total force is distributed
equally among the three legs you know
that
So there exists a constant such that
Solution (continued)
Let the total force exerted by the
object be given by .
Then using the fact that
you can conclude that and all have a
vertical component of .
This implies that and .
Solution (continued)
Therefore the forces exerted on the
legs can be represented by
Thank you for
attention
