Intro to Microbiology
Dean Frederick R. Llanera, MD, MSMT, RMT, FPSP
Pathologist and Training Officer, Philippine Heart Center
Dean, College of Medical Laboratory Science, De La Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute
Head, Public Health Unit, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine
Head, Clinical Laboratory, Cainta Municipal Hospital
Visiting Consultant, Sta. Ana Hospital
Past Board of Examiners, Philippine Society of Pathologists
Former Tenured Faculty, University of Santo Tomas
Training in Tropical Medicine, University of Minnesota
History
• 1665 – Hooke – first observation of cells
• 1673 - Van Leeuwenhoek – live organisms
• 1735 – Linnaeus – nomenclature
• 1798 – Jenner – vaccine
• 1857-64 – Pasteur – fermentation,
disproved spontaneous generation,
Pasteurization
History
• 1867 – Lister – Aseptic surgery
• 1876 – Koch – Germ theory of disease
• 1884 – Metchnikoff – phagocytosis
• 1885 – Gram - staining
Cell Wall
• Osmotic protection
• Cell division
• Primer for its own biosynthesis
• Sites of antigenic determinanats
• LPS – endotoxin
• Non selectively permeable
• Shape
• Diaminopimelic acid - lysine
Peptidoglycan / Murein /
Mucopeptide
• Backbone
• A set of identical tetrapeptide side chains
attached to NAM
• A Set of identical peptide cross – bridges
Gram Positive
• Teichoic and teichuronic acids
– WTA – wall teichoic acid
– LTA – lipoteichoic acid / membrane teichoic
acid
• Polysaccharides
– Mannose, arabinose, rhamnose, glucosamine
and acidic sugars glucuronic acid and
mannuronic acid
Gram Negative
•LPS – outer and inner core
•Outer membrane – Lipid A, porin
•Lipoprotein – 57 amino acids – stabilizes
the outer membrane and anchors it to the
peptidoglycan layer
•Peptidoglycan
•Periplasmic space
•Inner membrane
Figure 4.22
Ways to examine bacteria
• Unstained
– Wet mount
– Hanging drop
• Stained
– Direct – simple, differential, selective
– Indirect / Negative / Relief
Culture Media
• Physical state – liquid, solid, semi - solid
• Application or function – simple, enriched,
differential, selective, transport
• Composition – synthetic, non synthetic
• Form or distribution – plated, tubed (butt,
slant, butt slant)
VBNC
• Viable but not culturable
• Genetic response triggred in starving,
stationary phase cells
• Dormant without changes in morphology
• Once the appropriate conditions are
available (eg, passage through an animal),
VNBC microbes resume growh.
Requirements for growth
• Nutritional
– Carbon source – chemolithotrophs (inorganic
substrate); heterotrophs (organic carbon)
– Nitrogen source
– Sulfur source
– Phosphorus source
– Mineral source
– Growth factors
• Environmental – pH, temperature, O2
requirement, ionic strength and osmotic
pressure
pH
• Neutralophiles (pH 6-8)
• Acidophiles (pH 3)
• Alkalophiles (pH 10.5)
temperature
• Psychrophilic / Cryophilic = 15 – 20 C
• Mesophiic = 30 – 37 C
• Thermophilic = 50 – 60 C
• Hyperthermophilic / thermoduric
Aeration
• Aerobes
• Anaerobes
• Aerotolerant – fermentative – w/o catalase
or superoxide dismutase
Pathogenesis of
Bacterial Infection
• Transmission of Infection
• Infectious Process
• Genomics and Bacterial Pathogenicity
• Regulation of Bacterial Virulence Factors
• Bacterial Virulence Factors
– Adherence factors
– Invasions of host cells & tissues
– Toxins
– Enzymes
Normal Flora
• Commensals
• First line of defense against microbial
pathogens
• Assist in digestion
• Toxin degradation
• Contributes to maturation of the immune
system
• Shifts in flora
• Resident vs. transient flora
• Cervicovaginal smear – clue cells
• Stool – no enteric pathogen isolated
Jawetz
• Chapter 2 – Cell Structure
• Chapter 3 – Classification of Bacteria
• Chapter 4 – The Growth, Survival and
Death of Microorganisms
• Chapter 5 – Cultivation of Microorganisms
• Chapter 9 – Pathogenesis of Bacterial
Infection
• Chapter 10 – Normal Human Microbiota
