Matter

An Insight Into The Structure and

Properties of Matter
 How would you describe yourself so
that someone else could identify you?

 On a separate sheet of paper, write as

many physical descriptions of yourself
as you can. Do not put your name on
the paper.
 What Is Matter?
 Matter is anything that has mass and volume
(takes up space)
 matter refers to anything that occupies space
and has mass—in other words, the “stuff”
that the universe is made of. All matter is
made up of substances called elements,
which have specific chemical and physical
properties and cannot be broken down into
other substances through ordinary chemical
reactions.
 What Is Matter?

The definition of matter is often taken to

mean anything composed of atoms and
molecules.

Thus, matter is anything made of protons,

neutrons, and electrons.
Matter:

Anything that has mass

and takes up space
All physical structures are made up
of matter, and the state or process
of matter is an easily observed
property of matter. Strong, liquid,
and gas are the three basic states
of matter.
PHASES OF MATTER
describe and/or make a
representation of the
arrangement, relative spacing,
and relative motion of the 7

particles in each of the three

8
When the particles are packed together
firmly, they form solids. In solids, the
particles only vibrate about their fixed
positions, since their kinetic energy is low
and not sufficient to let them breakdown
away from their common force of the pull.
Thus, solids have definite forms and
volumes and are not compressible. That’s
why they do not flow or diffuse.
Liquid
In liquids, the kinetic energies of the atoms
are more than in solids, and the atoms are
not fixed to any positions. They move about
at will, arbitrarily, all through the liquid.
Though, they do not have sufficient kinetic
energy to break out of the borderlines of the
liquid form. That clarifies why liquids do not
have fixed shapes and pour or diffuse at will,
but they do have fixed volumes.

Also, when equated to solids, there are more

spaces amongst the atoms of liquids, but not
sufficient to make liquids compressible.
12
In gases, the atoms are not crammed
together at all, as their kinetic energies are
high enough to let them break free from any
boundaries. They are unrestricted to move
about in arbitrary motion. That is why gases
have no fixed figure or volume, and they flow
and diffuse readily. They crash into each
other, and off the walls of their container.
That’s how a gas applies pressure on its
vessel. Also, as the spaces between the
atoms are large, gases are exceedingly
compressible.
14
 Plasma
 Plasma is the form of matter that
exists when the atoms are in an
excited state.

 Stars (the sun is a star) exist in the

plasma state because of nuclear
fusion.

 Some examples of plasma found on

Earth are: lightning, auroras, and
neon.
The fourth state of matter is Plasma. Plasma is
comparable to the gaseous state. The state involves
super active and super energized atoms in the form
of ionized gases. Plasma is created by heating a gas
until it loses all its electrons. It exists in stars. The
plasma is formed in the sun and stars because of the
very high temperatures. The sun and stars radiate
because of the existence of plasma in them.
The fluorescent tube and neon sign bulbs contain
plasma. The gas present inside these bulbs and
tubes is an inert gas. When electricity is passed
through them, the gas gets ionized and charged. This
charging up creates a glowing plasma, having a
particular colour depending on the nature of the gas.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Describing Matter
 Activity 1: Look and List

Directions: Get only one object that holds a value

to you. On the spaces below, write the different
qualitative and quantitative qualities about your
chosen object. An example is shown below:
Object: Cellphone

Qualitative Quantitative

Color black, with pink 3000mAh, 32gb, 4gb

casing, with tempered ROM, 4mp front camera,
glass, yellow wallpaper, 12mp back camera, 600
made of alloy, Oppo pictures, 43 videos
Each substance has its own set of characteristics
or properties that distinguishes it from all other
substances. Pepper is pungent while sugar is
sweet. Sand is grainy. Glass is breakable. Wood
burns. Clothes can be folded. Apple and potato
slices, when exposed to air, turn brown. In these
examples, no matter what size or shape these
substances have, their particular property does
not change.
By examining materials, you can find similarities

and differences in their properties. This will

enable you to organize them into groups.
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- are properties that are observed without
changing the composition of the substance,
though their form may change. Certain
properties such as color, viscosity,
transparency, melting point, boiling point,
hardness, density, specific heat, and atomic or
molecular diameter are usually referred to as
physical properties. These properties are
involved in a physical change.
 A physical change is observed when a pinch of salt is
dissolved in a cup of water to produce a clear salt solution.
The salt changes only in form or state from solid to liquid. It
can be recovered from a salt solution by boiling or evaporating
it. The salt has not changed in composition but remains as
sodium chloride (NaCl).

Some physical properties cannot be measured while

others can be.

Physical Properties- are characteristics that scientists

can measure without changing the composition of the
sample under study, such as mass, color, and volume (the
amount of space occupied by a sample).
•Properties are the characteristics that enable
us to differentiate one material from another. A
physical property is an attribute of matter that
is independent of its chemical composition.
•Density, colour, hardness, melting and boiling
points, and electrical conductivity are all
examples of physical properties.
•Any characteristic that can be measured, such
as an object’s density, colour, mass, volume,
length, malleability, melting point, hardness,
odour, temperature, and more, are considered
properties of matter
 Physical Properties
Physical properties identify matter.
Examples include but are not limited to:
 Density

 Malleability

 Ductility

 Solubility

 State

 Thermal Conductivity
Chemical Properties
 Can be observed with your senses.
 Are Not as easy to observe as physical
properties
 Example:
 Flammability – Only when wood
burns
 Combustibility – Only when
fireworks explode
 Reactivity – Only when iron
Oxidizes (rust)
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
 describe the characteristic ability of a
substance to react to form new
substances; they include its flammability
and susceptibility to corrosion. All samples
of a pure substance have the same
chemical and physical properties. For
example, pure copper is always a reddish-
brown solid (a physical property) and
always dissolves in dilute nitric acid to
produce a blue solution and a brown gas
(a chemical property).
Chemical Change
A change that occurs when one or more
substances are changed into entirely new
substances with different properties.
Can Not change back under normal
conditions (some can be changed back by
other chemical means)
Common Examples:
Reactivity – Oxidation (rust) on a bicycle
pH (Acid / Base) – Effervescent tablets
Flammability – Burnt wood
Combustibility - Fireworks
•Reactivity – The tendency of matter to combine
chemically with other substances is known as
reactivity. Certain materials are highly reactive,
whereas others are extremely inactive. Potassium, for
example, is extremely reactive, even in the presence
of water. A pea-sized piece of potassium reacts
explosively when combined with a small volume of
water.
•Flammability – The tendency of matter to burn is
referred to as flammability. As matter burns, it reacts
with oxygen and transforms into various substances. A
flammable matter is anything like wood.
•Toxicity – Toxicity refers to the extent
to which a chemical element or a
combination of chemicals may harm an
organism.
•Acidity – A substance’s ability to react
with an acid is a chemical property.
Some metals form compounds when
they react with different acids. Acids
react with bases to create water, which
neutralizes the acid.
 OTHER PROPERTIES

1. Extensive properties vary with the amount of

the substance and include mass, weight,
and volume
-APPEARANCE
 2. Intensive properties do not depend on the
amount of the substance; they include
color, melting point, boiling point, electrical
conductivity, and physical state at a given
temperature.
 -Scientists commonly measure intensive
properties to determine a substance’s identity,
whereas extensive properties convey information
about the amount of the substance in a sample.
[Link] properties of matter – An
intensive property is a bulk property,
which means it is a system’s local
physical property that is independent of
the system’s size or volume of material.
Intensive properties are those that are
independent of the amount of matter
present. Pressure and temperature, for
example, are intensive properties.
Extensive property of matter – A property
that is dependent on the amount of matter in a
sample is known as an extensive property.
Extensive EEproperties include mass and
volume. The scale of the system or the volume
of matter in it determines the extensive
property of the system. Extensive properties
are those in which the value of a system’s
property is equal to the sum of the values for
the parts of the system.
The characteristics of a substance, regardless
of its shape and size, are called intrinsic
properties. Color, viscosity, taste, and
transparency are examples of intrinsic
properties that cannot be expressed in
numbers. Intrinsic properties assigned with
definite values are boiling point, melting point,
density, and refractive index. The
characteristics of a substance which pertain
only to its appearance including is shape,
length, mass, and temperature are called
extrinsic properties.
Physical and chemical change
Physical change
- Is any change that involves the simple alteration of the
size or shape of a substance or its change in phase( a
system with uniform or homogenous properties that
distinguish from other phases with which it is contact)
without the formation of a new substance.
- EX. Change in State

The following are the changes of state:

- Solid → Liquid Melting

- Liquid → Gas Vaporization
- Liquid → Solid Freezing
- Gas → Liquid Condensation
- Solid → Gas Sublimation
Chemical Change
-A chemical change occurs when the
composition of a substance is changed,
which requires the breaking and forming
of chemical bonds during a chemical
reaction. This results in the rearranging
of atoms in substances to form
the products of a chemical reaction,
which are brand new molecules that
cannot be easily reverted back to their
original state.
 5 Signs of a Chemical Change
 The only sure way to know there
has been a chemical change is the
observance of a new substance
formed

 Sometimes that is hard to do, so

look for the signs…….
 Sign 1 a Chemical Change

 Odor Production-this is an odor far

different from what it should smell like
 Ex: Rotting eggs, food in fridge,
decomposing flesh
 2nd Sign of a Chemical Change
 Change in Temperature
 Exothermic-When energy is released
do during the chemical change ex:
wood burning
 Change in Temperature

 Endothermic- Energy is absorbed

causing a decrease in temperature of
the reactant material ex: cold pack in
first aid kit
 3rd Sign of a Chemical Change

Change in Color
Ex: fruit changing color when it ripens,
leaves changing color in the Autumn,
dying your hair
 4th sign of a Chemical Change

Formation of Bubbles
This can indicate the presence of a gas.

Bubbles produced when boiling water is

not a chemical change.
self test
Classify Each of the following as
Physical or Chemical Properties
 The boiling point of ethyl alcohol is
78°C.

 Diamond is very hard.

 Sugar ferments to form ethyl alcohol.

44
 Classify Each of the following as
Physical or Chemical Properties
 The boiling point of ethyl alcohol is 78°C.
 Physical property – describes inherent
characteristic of alcohol – boiling point
 Diamond is very hard.
 Physical property – describes inherent
characteristic of diamond – hardness
 Sugar ferments to form ethyl alcohol.
 Chemical property – describes behavior of
sugar – forming a new substance (ethyl
alcohol) 45
Why are properties of matter
important?

Can density be a property of

matter?

What are the observable properties

 Structure Of Matter
 The atom is the “building block of
matter”.
 All substances are composed of
invisible particles called atoms.
 Atoms are the building blocks of
matter and are in constant motion.
 The combination of atoms leads to
millions of materials with different
properties.
 Atoms
Atoms are composed of three types of
particles: protons, neutrons, and
electrons.
Nature of Matter

Anything that occupies space and has mass

is known as matter. Everything around us is a
form of matter. The huge buildings, bridges,
electrons revolving around a nucleus, the
DNA in our cells, the surrounding air, the land
beneath our feet, etc. all matter. A matter is
said to be composed of particles which are
basically atoms and molecules.