SIZING SYSTEM

Outlines

• History of sizing systems.

• Method of creating sizing system
• Size intervals
 History of sizing system and ready to wear garments

From the middle of the nineteenth Mass production, also known as flow
century, ready-to-wear clothing began to production or continuous production, is the
be available to the mass of the growing production of large amounts of standardized
urban populations products
The growth attributed to the development of the sewing machines and other industrial machine
tools, but the expansion of the industry depended on a more vital factor, the development of
standard clothing sizes.
 History of sizing system and ready to wear garments

• The demand started in 1700s with military uniforms, which needed to be available
in bulk.
• Mass produced clothes are based on pre-assigned sizes according to classified
groups, and are known as ready- to-wear.
• RTW clothing was based on average sizes, people with different body variations and
ranges often had problems of fit.
• This was the origin of the need for a standard sizing system, since RTW resulted in
many returns to stores and mail order houses due to ill fitting clothing
 History of sizing system and ready to wear garments

• Sizing systems have been developed and improved throughout the years by using

different mathematical and statistical methods.

• First recorded sizing analysis was performed in 1941 and it applied bivariate

classification to cluster women according to bust and hip girth.

• Before this time, the classification of body types was based on height and weight.
 Development of sizing system
Stage 1 – Anthropometric
analysis

Field work Anthropometric Anthropometric Anthropometric

preparation planning Survey Analysis

Stage 2 – Sizing analysis

Multivariate Principle
data Decision tree
component Cluster analysis
analysis analysis
analysis

Stage 3 – Developing and

validating a sizing system
Size system
developmen Size system
Size designation
t validation
 Stage 1 – Anthropometric analysis

• Body measurements are collected of the sample population analyzed

by using simple statistical methods.
• The purpose of this analysis is to understand the body ranges and
variations present in the sample population.
• This stage consists of four steps fieldwork preparation,
anthropometric planning, the anthropometric survey itself, and
anthropometric analysis
Step 1: Fieldwork preparation

PAPER WORK
• Permission from government bodies and Ministry of Education if one wants to deal
with school aged children
DATA:
Group of numbers representing any measurement of something e.g. temperature
pressure, No. of failures, successes.
Purpose Of Data Collection
• To answer the questions
• To identify the root causes
• To control the process
• To accept / reject products
• To Know about the current situation

What is sampling?
Sampling is concerned with the selection of a subset of individuals from within a statistical
population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.
Non-Probability sampling: Probability sampling:
 Convenience sampling  Simple random sampling
 Consecutive sampling  Systematic sampling
 Quota sampling  Stratified sampling
 Judgmental sampling  Cluster sampling Stage 1
 Snowball sampling
Simple Random sampling: Systematic Sampling: Stratified Sampling:

In a simple random sample (SRS) is done by sampling at fixed It is done by dividing the
of a given size, all such subsets of intervals population into several mutually
the frame are given an equal exclusive regions
probability.

Stage 1
 Stage 1 – Anthropometric analysis

Training the measurers

• Tanning of measurers if study is manual.
• If the survey is to be done using digital methods, such as a 3D body scanner, then
training will be focused on using the machine.
• Starts with the subject changing into a tight fitting garment for better and more
accurate body measurements.
• Manual measurement takes an average of 40 minutes per subject and using the 3D
body scanner time is 5–10 minutes per person.

Fill out demographic data (name, age, gender, ethnic group)

• Measure height
• Measure weight
• Measure upper body dimensions
• Measure lower body dimensions
 Stage 1 – Anthropometric analysis

• All measurements should be taken from one side of the subject’s body consistently.
• After completing the measurements of the day, the forms should be counted and the
overall quality of anthropometric measurements checked. Forms with missing data
are considered not valid and discarded.
Step 2 : Anthropometric
planning
Preliminary survey
• It is usually conducted on a small scale and is usually
called the pilot study.
• The sample size can range from 30 to 100 people.
• The main objective is to collect sufficient body
measurements to calculate the sample size needed for
the real anthropometric survey.
• One common technique that can be used is stratified random sampling technique.
 Stage 1 – Anthropometric analysis

Sample size determination

• The sample size for a survey can be calculated using the stratified random sampling
formula.

where
N2i= sample size for stratum(strata) age group
σ2i = standard deviation of variable (data)
αi = total population size in percentage
N2= total population size for stratum age
D = can be calculated by further calculation
 Stage 1 – Anthropometric analysis
Step 3 : Anthropometric survey

In the traditional manual technique, measurement tools to be used include calibrated

non-stretchable plastic measuring tapes, height scale with movable head piece, long
ruler, elastic 5-meter tapes and digital weight scale.

Data entry
• All the collected data are keyed into software such as SPSS or MS Excel.
• The usual format is to key in the subject’s name and data into a row.
• The body variables are keyed into the columns.

Data screening
• Data screening consists of examination for data entry errors, missing data.
• The entire data set is filtered to ensure that there are no errors or missing
• data.
 Stage 1 – Anthropometric analysis
Step 4 : Anthropometric
analysis

The final step of Stage 1 is to analyze the data. The statistical method generally
applied at this stage is the descriptive analysis
Categorical data
• The categorical data are analyzed to understand the demographic profile of the sample
population.
• The first classification to be made often is to divide the population into gender based
subsets, namely male and female.
Continuous data
• Continuous data analysis based on descriptive statistics includes calculation of frequency
distributions, range, mean, median, mode to determine the interrelationships between the
various body dimensions.
• The objective of anthropometric analysis is to profile the demographic data and the
continuous data in such a way that the overall patterns of body dimensions are described.
 Stage 2 – Sizing Analysis
Step 5 : Multivariate analysis

• It is a set of techniques used for analysis of data set that contain more then one variable and
the techniques are especially valuable when working with co-related variables.
• Variable: Anything that has a quantity or quality that varies
• Dependent variable, Independent variable, Controlled variable
Step 6 : Principle Component
Analysis

• PCA is a statistical procedure that uses an orthogonal transformation to convert a set of

observations of possibly correlated variables (numerical values) into a set of values of
linearly uncorrelated variables called principal components.
• The objective of using PCA is to reduce the number of variables and to cluster these
variables into a more parsimonious and manageable number of groups.
• Parsimonious means to summarize most of the original information (variance) in a
minimum number of components for prediction purposes.
 Stage 2 – Sizing Analysis
Step 7 : Cluster analysis

• Cluster analysis or clustering is the task of grouping a set of

objects in such a way that objects in the same group are more
similar to each other than to those in other groups.
Step 8 : Classification analysis (decision tree)

• Decision tree analysis is used for effective classification.

• The Classification and Regression Tree (CRT) technique can be used to verify
and classify the sample population according to cluster groups.
 Stage 3 – Developing and validating a sizing system
Step 9: Size system
development
• The purpose of developing the sizing system is to create sizes for each cluster group
that are appropriate to the individual group’s range.

• The first is to estimate the size roll which will accommodate most of the target
population, and the second is to determine which samples go into the cluster groups
obtained from the cluster analysis technique.

• The goal is to accommodate as many people from the target population as possible
using one inter size interval.

• For the development of the sizing system, the following elements have to be
calculated: size range, size interval, size scale and size roll
 Stage 3 – Developing and validating a sizing system
Step 10 : Size system validation

• The aim of any sizing system is to count a set of sizes that can accommodate most of
the target population.

• Purpose of this step is to validate the sizing system based on

• Aggregate loss
• Size roll.
 Stage 3 – Developing and validating a sizing system
Step 10 : Size system validation

• Aggregate loss
• The next item of validation for the sizing system is goodness of fit. For any sizing
system, the sizes that are developed are based on measurements of the actual
human body
• Therefore, the sizes developed must reflect the sizes of the measured bodies as
closely as possible.
• Size roll
• Size roll is simply the total number of sizes obtained for a sizing system, from the
smallest to the largest, with fixed intervals between adjacent sizes. The size interval
can be the same magnitude across all sizes or it can vary across the size range.
 Stage 3 – Developing and validating a sizing system
Step 11 : Size designation

• Size designation refers to how each size is

identified on the clothing or the tag.
• A size designation can be numeric, alphabetic
or graphic.
• One such method is that of using the standard
Mondoform labeling, which employs
wordless picture of key dimensions.
• The size labeling is based on key body
dimensions used in segregating the
population. The purpose of creating this type
of sizing designation is to prevent confusion
among consumers by clearly conveying the
key measurements on a pictogram.