Segmentation
Visualization Process
• Data preprocessing and transformation
• Mapping for visualizations: Type, geometry, color, and sound etc.
• Rendering transformations: APIs/Tools
• Expressiveness: 0 ≤ Mexp ≤ 1
• Effectiveness: Meff = 1/(1 + interpret + render)
Selective visual variables
After coding with such variables, different data values are
spontaneously divided by the human into distinguished
groups
• Size (length, area/volume);
• Brightness;
• Texture;
• Color (only primary colors): varies with the brightness
value;
• Direction/orientation.
Associative visual variables
All factors have same visibility
• Texture
• Color
• Direction/orientation
• Shape
Ordinal visual variables.
After coding with such variables,
different data values are spontaneously
ordered by the human (e.g., for
visualizing ordinal and quantitative data)
• Texture
• Size
• Brightness
Proportional visual variables
In addition, these variables obtain a direct
association of the relative size (e.g., for
visualizing ordinal and quantitative data)
• Size (length, area/volume)
• Direction/orientation
• Brightness
Gibson Affordance theory
Bertin (1967) Semiology of Graphics
Mackinlay (1986) APT
Bergeron and Grinstein (1989) Visualization Reference
Model
Wehrend and Lewis (1990) Catalog
Robertson (1990) Natural Scene Paradigm
Roth (1991) Visage and SAGE
Casner (1991) BOZ
Beshers and Feiner (1992) AutoVisual
Hibbard (1994) Lattice Model
Golovchinsky (1995) AVE
Card, Mackinlay, and Shneiderman
(1999) Spatial Substrate
Kamps (1999) EAVE
Wilkinson (1999) Grammar of Graphics
Hoffman (2000) Table Visualizations
Keller and Keller (1994) Taxonomy of Visualization
Goals
• scalar (or • identify—establish characteristics by which an object
scalar field); is recognizable;
• nominal; • locate—ascertain the position (absolute or relative);
• distinguish—recognize as distinct or different
• direction
(or direction (identification is not
field); needed);
• categorize—place into divisions or classes;
• shape; • cluster—group similar objects;
• position; • rank—assign an order or position relative to other
• spatially objects;
extended • compare—notice similarities and differences;
region or • associate—link or join in a relationship that may or
object may not be of the
(SERO) same type;
• correlate—establish a direct connection, such as
causal or reciprocal.
Shneiderman (1996) Data Type by Task Taxonomy
• one- • Overview. Gain an overview of the entire collection
dimensional
linear; • Zoom. Zoom in items of interest to gain a more
• two- detailed view
dimensional • Filter. Filter out uninteresting items to allow the
map;
• three-
user to reduce the size of a search.
dimensional • Details-on-demand. Select an item or group and
world; get details when needed,
• temporal; • Relate. View relationships among items,
• • History. Keep a history to allow undo, replay
multidimensional
; • Extract. Extract the items or data in a format that
• tree; would facilitate other uses
• network.
Keim (2002) Information Visualization
Classification
Literature Fingerprinting
Themescape
Document Card Visualization
Stream Graph
