Lesson: 3-4
Introduction to algorithms
Objectives
Introduction to algorithms
Algorithms for simple problems
2
Algorithm
An algorithm is a step by step procedure to solve a
particular problem.
Named after Arabic Mathematician Abu Jafar
Mohammed Ibn Musa Al Khowarizmi
3
Properties of an algorithm
4
Algorithmic Notations
• Name of the algorithm [mandatory]
[gives a meaningful name to the algorithm based on the
problem]
• Step Number [mandatory]
[indicate each individual simple task]
• Explanatory comment [optional]
[gives an explanation for each step, if needed]
• Termination [mandatory]
[tells the end of algorithm]
5
Algorithm to compute the area of circle
Name of the algorithm : Compute the area of a circle
Step1: [Input the value for radius]
Input radius
Step 2: [Compute the area]
Area 3.1416 * radius * radius
Step 3: [Print the Area]
Print ‘Area of a circle =‘, Area
Step 4: [End of algorithm]
Stop
6
Algorithm to compute Simple and
Compound interest
Data:
P=amount deposited
T=duration
R=rate of interest
SI (P*R*T)/100
CI P*(1+ R/100)T -P
7
Simple and Compound interest
Name of the algorithm: Calculate SI and CI
Step1: [ Read the values of P, T and R]
Input P,R,T
Step 2: [Compute the simple interest]
SI ( P*R*T)/100
Step 3: [Compute the compound interest]
CI P*(1+ R/100)T -P
Step 4: [Print the simple and compound interest]
Print ‘Simple Interest=‘,SI
Print ‘Compound Interest=‘,CI
Step 5: [End of Algorithm]
Stop 8
Convert Cel. to Fahren. & vice versa
Algorithm : To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit & vice versa
Step1: [Input celsius]
Read Celsius
Step 2: [Calculate fahrenheit]
Fahrenheit =(9.0 / 5.0) * Celsius + 32.0
Step 3: [Display computed fahrenheit]
Print ‘temp in Fahrenheit=‘ Fahrenheit
Step 4: [Input fahrenheit]
Read Fahrenheit
Step 5: [Calculate Celsius]
Celsius =(Fahrenheit – 32) * (5.0 / 9)
Step 6: [Display computed celsius]
Print ‘temp in celsius=‘ Celsius
Step 7: Stop
9
Interchange values of two variables using a
temporary variable
Name of the algorithm: Interchange of 2 values
Step1: [Read two values]
Input A,B
Step 2: [Store value of variable A in temporary variable temp]
temp A
Step 3: [Store value of variable B variable A]
AB
Step 4: [Store value of temporary variable temp in variable B]
B temp
Step 5: [Print the value of variable A and B]
Print ‘A=’ , A
Print ‘B=’ , B
Step 6: [End of Algorithm]
10
Stop
Interchange values of two variables without
using a temporary variable
Name of the algorithm: Interchange two values without using a
temporary variable
Step 1: [Read two values]
Input A,B
Step 2: [Assign sum of A and B to A]
AA+B
Step 3: [Assign difference of A and B to B]
BA-B
Step 4: [Assign difference of A and B to a]
AA-B
Step 5: [Print the value of variable A and B]
Print ‘A=’ , A
Print ‘B=’ , B
Step 6: [End of Algorithm]
11
Stop
Sum of digits of a 4-digit number
Name of the algorithm: Sum of digits of 4-digit number
Step1: [Read the number]
Input N
Step 2: digit1N Mod 10
NN/10 (integer)
Step 3: digit2N Mod 10
NN/10 (integer)
Step 4: digit3N Mod 10
NN/10 (integer)
Step 5: digit4N Mod 10
NN/10 (integer)
Step 6: sum digit1+digit2+digit3+digit4
Step 7: Print “Sum of digits = “, sum
Step 8: [End of Algorithm]
12
Stop
Largest of 3 Numbers
Name of the algorithm: Find largest of 3 numbers
Step 1: [Read the values of A, B and C]
Read A, B, C
Step 2: [Compare A and B]
IF A>B go to step 4
Step 3: [Otherwise compare B with C]
IF B>C then
Print ‘B’ is largest’
Else
Print ‘C’ is largest’
Go to Step 5
Step 4: [Compare A and C for largest]
IF A>C then
Print ‘A’ is largest’
Else
Print ‘C’ is largest’
Step 5: [End of the algorithm] 13
Sum of first N natural numbers
Name of the algorithm: Sum of natural numbers.
Step1: [Read the value of N]
Input N
Step 2: [Set Sum equal to 0]
Sum 0
Step 3: [Compute the sum of all first N natural numbers]
For i=1 to N in step of 1 do
begin
Sum Sum + i
end
Step 5: [Print Sum ]
Print ‘Sum of N natural numbers=‘,Sum
Step6: [End of algorithm]
Stop 14
Factorial of a number
Name of the algorithm: Compute the factorial of a number N
Step1: [Read the value of N]
Input N
Step 2: [Set variable Fact equal to 1]
Fact 1
Step 3: [Compute the factorial of N]
for Count = 1 to N in step of 1 do
begin
fact fact*Count
end
Step 4: [Print Fact ]
Print ‘fact of N=‘, Fact
Step 5: [End of algorithm]
Stop
15
Sum of digits of a number
Name of the algorithm: Find sum of the digits of a number
Step 1: [Read the number]
Input N
Step 2: [Set variable Sum equal to 0]
Sum0
Step 3: [Compute the sum of digits]
While N>0
begin
rem N mod 10
sum sum + rem
NN/10 (integer)
end
Step 4: [Print the sum of digits]
Print ‘Sum of the digits of the number=‘,sum
Step 5: : [End of Algorithm] 18
Summary
Properties of an algorithm
Algorithms for simple problems
19
