Institute of Physics & electronics , Gomal

University Dera Ismail Khan

Introduction to Nanoscience & Technology

Lecture 3
One dimension nanostructure material

Dr. Hafeez Ullah

1 October 25, 2024

One-Dimensional Nano-Structures

ABSTRACT

A material having an average grain size less than 100 nanometers is considered
to be a nanomaterial. One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures represent a group of
nanomaterials having the smallest dimension falling in the range of 1–100 nm.
Typical examples of 1D nanostructures include Nanowires, Nanorods,
Nanobelts, Nanorings, Nanotubes and DNA. Our discussion is restricted to the
following four.

Nanowires

Nanorods

Nanobelts

Nanorings
One-Dimensional Nano-Structures

Brief History and Origin of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

In December 1959 Richard P. Feynman put forward the challenge by stating that

 “Why can’t we write the Encyclopedia ‘Brittanica’ on the head of a pin”?

OR
 “The entire contents of the library of congress in the volume of a sugar
cube”?

 “There’s is plenty of room at the bottom.”

One-Dimensional Nano-Structures

Nanowires

GaN NIST nanowires that emit ultraviolet light

Introduction http://www.its.caltech.edu/~msjang/

A nanostructure having a thickness or diameter constrained to tens of

nanometers or less and an unconstrained length.

Types
i) Metallic (Ni,Pt, Au)
ii) Semiconducting (Si,InP,GaN)
iii) Insulating (SiO2, TiO2)
Dispersed Metallic Nanowires
iv) Molecular nanowires http://www.nanomaterials.it

a) Organic (DNA)
b) Inorganic (Mo6S9-xIx)
One-Dimensional Nano-Structures

Nanowires

Properties
 Nanowires has aspect ratio (length-to-width) of 1000 or more.
 Nanowires exhibit discrete values electrical conductance due to quantum
confinement.
 Nanowires has the property to be welded.
 The conductivity of a nanowire is much less than that of the corresponding bulk
material due to scattering from the wire boundaries, edge effects and
discreteness of energy values.
 To overcome the poor conductivity, NWs are often doped for enhancing their

conductivity, e.g doping of In in ZnO NWs dramatically decreased the electrical

resistivity of NWs.
One-Dimensional Nano-Structures

Nanowires

Synthesis
There are two basic approaches of synthesizing nanowires:
o top-down approach
o bottom-up approach.

Laboratory Techniques for growing nanowires

o Suspension
o Electrochemical deposition
o VLS (Vapor-Liquid-Solid)
One-Dimensional Nano-Structures

Nanowires
Applications
Though, nanowires are still in the experimental world of laboratories. However,

they may have some applications, which includes

 To create active electronic elements, the individual nanowires have been
made as n-type and p-type material, resulting of logic gates (AND, OR).
 Nanowires are being studied for use as photon ballistic waveguides.
 Conducting nanowires has the possibility of connecting molecular-scale
entities in a molecular computer.
 they may be used as tribological additives to improve friction
characteristics and reliability of electronic transducers and actuators.
 Semiconductor nanowires are characterized by the efficient transport of
electrons and excitons which may be used in nanoelectronics.
One-Dimensional Nano-Structures

Nanorods
Vertically aligned ZnO nanorods
Introduction http://www.oxfordplasma.de/process/zno_nw.htm

Nanorods are one-dimensional nanostructures, each of their dimensions ranges from

1–100 nm. Its standard aspect ratios (length divided by width) are 3-5. The nanorods
have an average length of 400 nm.

Properties of Nanorods
 Gold nanorods show negative refraction in near infra red portion of the
spectrum.
 Gold nanorods have high photo-thermal conversion rate.
 Gold nanorods have intense absorption and scattering bands in the near
infrared.
 Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanorod is a semiconductor with a band-gap 3.37eV
 ZnO nanorods are very sensitive to the chemical environment due to
oxygen vacancies on the surface.
 ZnO nanorods have high charge carrier mobility and a high surface area for
efficient dye-sensitization and light harvesting.
 When the orientation of the nanorods is changed with respect to an applied
electric filed the reflectivity of the rods can be altered
One-Dimensional Nano-Structures
Nanorods
Synthesis of Nanorods
Nanorods are produced by direct chemical synthesis. Ligands are also
required to control the shape of nanorods. Ligands also bond to different
facets of the nanorod with varying strengths which helps the different faces
of the nanorod to grow at different rates, producing an elongated object of a
certain desired shape. They may be synthesized from metals or
semiconducting materials.

Applications of Nanorods
 In display technologies.
 Nanorods based on semiconducting materials are used as energy
harvesting and light emitting devices.
 ZnO due to its biocompatibility, can be used without coating in biomedical.
 ZnO nanorods can be used as sensors or field emission transistors.
 ZnO nanorods can be used for fabrication of solar cells.
 ZnO nanorods can be used as photocatalysts.
 Gold nanorods can be used as subcomponents in polarizer, filters.
One-Dimensional Nano-Structures
Nanobelts
Introduction Nanobelts

Nanobelts are the one dimensional nanostructures, have rectangle like

cross section with typical widths of 30 to 300 nanometer, width-to-thickness
ratios of 5 to 10, and length of up to a few millimeters.

Properties of Nanobelts
 The nanocantilevers based on nanobelts have improved physical, chemical,
and biological sensitivity.
 Nanocantilevers have dimensions 35–1800 times smaller than conventional
cantilevers.
 The metal oxide nanobelts
* have a distinctive belt like morphology.
* are pure, structurally uniform and single
crystalline
* are mostly free from defects and dislocations
* surfaces’ are clean, atomically sharp and free
of any sheathed amorphous phase
One-Dimensional Nano-Structures
Nanobelts

Synthesis of Nanobelts
Nanobelts are synthesized by simply evaporating the metal oxide powder of
zinc, tin, indium, cadmium, and gallium at high temperatures. The shape of
nanobelts may depend on growth temperature. Recently, the researchers

have synthesized ZnO nanobelts by a solid-vapor process.

Applications of Nanobelts
 The nanocantilevers made from nanobelts have improved physical,
chemical, and biological sensitivity for scanning probe microscopy and
sensor applications

 ZnO nanobelts can be sued for microelectromechanical systems, using an

atomic force microscopy probe.
One-Dimensional Nano-Structures
Nanorigs

Nanorings (http://physicsworld.com)
Introduction to Nanorings
A nanoring is a small ringformed crystal. It has a diameter from
one to four microns and has a 10-30 nanometers thickness,
composed of 5 to 100 loops.

Researchers at GIT have produced this latest nano-sized

structure. Nanorings are complete circles formed by a self-coiling
process. The first nanoring made was a ZnO nanoring produced,
based on single crystals of ZnO.

Properties of Nanorings
 Zinc oxide nanorings has semi conducting and piezoelectric properties.
One-Dimensional Nano-Structures
Nanorigs
Synthesis of Nanorings
This is a new nanostructure with a novel growth mechanism. They are formed
by solid-vapour technique when a mixture of powders of zinc oxide, indium
oxide and lithium carbonate combined in the ratio 20:1:1 is heated in a
horizontal tube furnace to 1400°C in flowing argon gas, which causes the
material to deposit on a silicon substrate.

Applications of Nanorings
 The zinc oxide structure can be used for fabricating piezoelectric-based fluid
pumps and switches for biotechnology
 Monitoring of blood pressure and blood flow rate.
 The nanorings could also be used to measure stress at the scale of a single
cell.
 Integrating the piezoelectric nanorings into micro-electromechanical and
nano-electromechanical systems, as well as using them to investigate
fundamental physical phenomena
 Nanorings could serve as nanometer-scale sensors, resonators and
transducers.
 They could also be used for studying piezoelectric effects and other
phenomena at the small scale