COMPONENTS OF

HEALTHCARE
SYSTEMS
COMMUNITY DENTISTRY
GROUP 2
MEMBERS:
HIRA ZEB
FATIMA ASIF
SABAHAT MEHMOOD
DANISH FIAZ
MANAAL SAQIB
 Table of contents
STRUCTURE
01 Framework of the 02 FUNCTION
Role and
healthcare system
responsibilities

PERSONNEL REIMBURSEME
AND FUNDING NT
03 Auxiliaries and funds 04 Payments and salary
management system

TARGET
05 POPULATION
0
1
STRUCTUR
E
All organizations, people and
actions working to promote,
restore or maintain health
STRUCTURE OF HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
Comprises of three main agents:

● Those Delivering Care

● Those Receiving Care
● Those Funding and Managing it

Health Care Providers:

These are individuals or organisations that provide health services. They include
doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and clinics.
Health Care Facilities:
These are physical locations where health care services are delivered. They
include hospitals, clinics, treatment centres, and rehabilitation facilities.
Health Insurance Companies:
They provide funding for medical treatments and services rendered by the
health care providers.
Regulatory Agencies:
These are federal and state bodies that oversee the operations of the health
care system and ensure that the services being provided meet stipulated
standards.
 Levels of Healthcare System

TERTIARY
LEVEL
● Multidisciplinary activity
● Role in teaching, training,
and research
● Advanced diagnostic,
therapeutic and services
e.g.
● Oncology, neurology, and
transplants

PRIMARY SECONDARY
● First point ofLEVEL
contact of LEVEL
the patient ● Specialized workers
● GMO, GDP,Nurse, ● Diagnostic services
Pharmacist ● District Headquarter
● Basic health Unit, Rural
hospital,Tehsil Headquarter
Health Center, hospital
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE

Vertically Horizontally
Integrated integrated
A single organisation has Organisations at the same
control over all elements of level of healthcare system
service provision from merge resources to
prevention to treatment potentiallly improve efficiency
E.g. NHS in the UK and quality
HEALTHCARE SECTORS IN PAKISTAN

TRADITIONA
PUBLIC PRIVATE
L
SECTOR SECTOR
BHUs, RHCs, Tertiary
Private Hospitals, HEALTHCARE
Homeopathy, Unani,
Clinics, Diagnostic
Hospitals Ayurveda
Centers
Funded by the govt. Historical roots
Funded by out-of-
pocket payments
02

FUNCTION
The healthcare system is made up of various
components, each serving specific functions to ensure
effective delivery of health services. Here’s a
breakdown of the key components and their functions:
1. Providers
● Hospitals: Offer a range of services including emergency care, surgeries,
and specialized treatments.
● Clinics: Provide primary care and preventive services, often focusing on
outpatient care.
● Pharmacies: Dispense medications, offer health consultations, and
provide health screenings.

2. Insurance
● Health Insurance Companies: Manage risk by pooling resources to
cover healthcare costs, facilitating access to care through various plans.
● Government Programs: Such as Medicare and Medicaid, provide
coverage for specific populations, including the elderly and low-income
individuals.
3. Regulatory Agencies
● Government Bodies: Establish and enforce healthcare laws and standards (e.g., FDA,
CDC) to ensure public safety and health.
● Accrediting Organizations: Assess and certify healthcare facilities and services for
quality assurance.

4. Public Health Entities

● Public Health Departments: Monitor community health, conduct disease prevention
programs, and respond to health emergencies.
● Nonprofit Organizations: Advocate for health issues, provide education, and support
community health initiatives.

5. Workforce
● Healthcare Professionals: Physicians, nurses, allied health workers, and support
staff who deliver care and support patient well-being.
● Administrative Staff: Manage operations, billing, and patient records to ensure
efficient functioning of healthcare facilities.
6. Technology
● Health Information Systems: Electronic health records (EHRs) and telehealth
services that improve care coordination and patient access.
● Medical Devices: Tools and technologies used in diagnosis, monitoring, and
treatment of patients.

7. Patients and Communities

● Patients: Central to the healthcare system, their needs and preferences drive
service delivery.
● Community Organizations: Collaborate to promote health education, access to
care, and social determinants of health.

8. Research and Education

● Academic Institutions: Train healthcare professionals and conduct research to
advance medical knowledge and improve practices.
● Clinical Trials: Contribute to evidence-based practices by testing new treatments
and interventions.
9. Funding Sources
● Government Funding: Provides resources for public health initiatives
and subsidizes care for underserved populations.
● Private Funding: Includes grants and donations that support research
and healthcare improvements.

Each component works interdependently to create a cohesive

healthcare system, aiming to enhance health outcomes, increase
access to care, and ensure quality services for individuals and
communities.
Reimbursement
Reimbursement in health care
refers to the process by which
providers are paid for the
services they deliver to the
patients
 Role of
reimbursement
It plays crucial role in health care
system:

● Financial viability: It impact

health providers abilities to
invest in facilities staff and
technology and to recover their
costs and continue to operate
● Access to care: When providers are
reimbursed adequately they are more likely
to accept various insurance plans increasing
access for patients

● Quality of care: Value based care initiatives

reward providers for delivering high quality
efficient care aiming to improve patient
outcomes
● Cost control: Different reimbursement
methods like fee for service vs capitation can
affect overall health care spending

● Policy impact: Changes in reimbursement

policies can drive shift in health care
practices as providers respond to financial
incentives
Funding in Healthcare
system

Healthcare funding refers to the financial

resources that are allocated to health services for
improving public health.
Healthcare funding can come from several sources

Sources

Government
Private funding Donor funding
funding
 Funding in Healthcare system
● Government funding
Refers to the financial resources allocated by a nation's
government to provide and manage healthcare services for its
population.

Sources: Tax and Social Health Insurance

Govt. Expenditure on Healthcare in Pakistan

 Funding in Healthcare system
● Private funding:
Out-of-pocket payments (funding comes from individuals
paying for healthcare services out of their own income.)

Private Health Insurance (Individuals or employers may

purchase private health insurance to cover healthcare costs.)

Private Funding in Healthcare system of

Pakistan

Approximately 60-70% of total healthcare expenditure in

Pakistan comes from private sources(Islamabad Policy
Institute)(World Bank Open Data).
The largest portion of private healthcare funding in Pakistan
is from out-of-pocket payments by individuals, which
account for 56.8% of the total health expenditure. This
makes healthcare access highly dependent on personal
financial capacity(World Bank Open Data).
 Funding in Healthcare system
● Donor funding:
Sources:

● International organizations like World Health Organization

(WHO), World Bank and the United Nations Children's Fund
(UNICEF).

● Foreign Governments: Countries such as the United States (via

USAID), the United Kingdom (via DFID).

● Foundations and NGOs: Philanthropic organizations

 Importance of Healthcare funding
● Adequate funding ensures that necessary medical resources are available.

● Funding influences health outcomes and the efficiency of health care systems.

● A well-funded health care system can respond effectively to public health crises.

● Health care funding disparities can exacerbate health inequities .

 Health Care Personnel
Health care personnel are essential for delivering quality medical services.

They include a diverse range of professionals, each with unique roles and
responsibilities.

The health care workforce comprises:

● Doctor
● Nurses
● Allied health professionals
● Administrative staff
Target population
Health care system is that organization of people, institutions and resource that
deliver health care services to targeted populations to meet their needs

Universal access for whole population is founding principle

In reality access to dental care remains a significant challenge in many countries and
quality of services are not equal across society

To improve access to health care for target populations goals included increasing
number of providers in underserved area, enhancing transport options, and
insurances coverage
 Target population
Cost, transport and lack of provider can be a hindrance

Disadvantaged groups face obstacles in accessing and quality of care is inadequate

Community dentist increase accessibility through mobile clinic and outreach programs
Target population groups
Based on assessment needs different services target groups

Infants and nursing mothers

Prevent women

Children and adolescents

Adults

Older people

Disabled people (mental illness)

Disadvantaged people (homeless people)

REFERENCES
● Mashhadi SF, Hamid S, Roshan R, Fawad A. HEALTHCARE IN PAKISTAN–
A SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE: Healthcare in Pakistan. Pak Armed Forces
Med J [Internet]. 2016 Feb. 29 [cited 2024 Sep. 25];66(1):136-42.
Available from: https://pafmj.org/PAFMJ/article/view/416
● CM Marya, A TEXTBOOK OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY
● National Institue of Health, A FRAMEWORK FOR A SYSTEMS
APPROACH TO HEALTH CARE DELIVERY
● SS Hiremath, TEXTBOOK OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY
THANK
YOU
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