HYPOTHESIS
OUTLINE
• INTRODUCTION
• IMPORTANCE
• TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
• REFERENCES
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INTRODUCTION
• A hypothesis is a tentative proposition made to explain certain facts
or phenomena, which can be tested.
• It is often described as an intelligent guess or prediction that provides
direction to researcher in answering research questions.
• A hypothesis can be defined as a formal statement of the expected
relationship between two or more variables in a specified population.
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Importance of hypothesis 1/2
1. Guides Research: provides clarity to the research problem and
objectives, helping to structure the research design and
methodology.
2. Facilitates data collection: it directs the data collection process,
ensuring that relevant data is gathered to test the hypothesis.
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IMPORTANCE 2/2
3. Enables Testing: allows researchers totest predictions and verify
relationships between variables, leading to conclusions that can
advance knowledge in the field.
4. Promotes Further Research: the result of hypothesis testing can can
lead to the formation of new hypotheses, fostering ongoing inquiry
and exploration.
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TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS 1/4
1. Simple Hypothesis: involves a relatioship between two variables,
where one is the independent variable and the other is the
dependent variable. For example ¨Smoking leads to cancer¨.
2. Complex Hypothesis: involves relatioships among multiple
independent and dependent variables. For example, ¨Smoking and
other drugs lead to cancer, tension, and chest infections¨.
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TYPES 2/4
3. Directional Hypothesis: predicts the direction of the relationship
between variables. For example, ¨Girls perform better than boys¨
indicates a specific direction of performance.
4. Non-Directional Hypothesis: states that a relationship exists between
two variables without specifying the direction. For example, ¨there will
be a difference in the performance of girls and boys¨.
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TYPES 3/4
5. Null Hypothesis(H0): a statement that denies the existence of a
relationship between variables. It is maintain until evidence suggests
otherwise. For example, ¨There is no significant difference between
two drugs in a clinical trial¨.
6. Alternative Hypothesis(H1): accepted when the null hypothesis is
rejected. It suggests that there is significant effect or relationship. For
example ¨The new drug is better than the current drug¨.
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TYPES 4/4
7. Causal hypothesis: predicts a cause-and-effect relationship
between variables. For example, ¨Increased study time leads to
higher test scores¨.
8. Associative Hypothesis: indicates that a change in one variable is
associated with a change in another variable. For example, ¨Higher
income is associated with increased spending on leisure activities¨.
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REFERENCES
1. R.Cauvery, M.Firija,U.K Sudha Nayak, and R.Meenakshi. Research
Methodology, First Edition, S.Chand and Company, New
Delhi,pp.39-41.
2. Research Methodology, Lady Doak College Publications,
2008,pp.17-23.
3. John W. Research Methodology.
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