The Skeleton

and its
functions
The Skeleton is made up of 206
Bones held together at the
joints by ligaments. The
longest bone is the femur
The Skeleton has 4 Functions……….

1. Shape and Support

2. Muscle attachment for movement

3. Protection for vital organs

4. Blood Production
Shape and support
The skeleton acts as a framework.

It gives the body support, enabling us to stand.

The bones of the body are held together by

ligaments.

The skeleton provides a framework for the muscles,

which are attached to bones by tendons.
 Muscle attachment for
movement
Muscle Contraction
- If a muscle
contracts it becomes
smaller which creates
movement.

The muscles pull on

tendons which are
attached to the bones,
Protection for vital organs
Some of our body parts, such as the brain, are very
delicate and need protection.

Bones can protect body parts from impact

and injuries.
• 1. What vital • 2. What vital
organ does organ does
the Cranium the Rib Cage
protect? protect?
Answer: Answer:
Blood production
Long bones and other
bones including the
ribs, humerus, femur
and vertebrae bones,
contain red bone
marrow.
 Cranium
Clavicle Sternum
Ribs
Humerus
Pelvis
Radius
Ulna
Patella
(knee cap) Femur
Tibia
Fibula
 Scapula
Vertebral column
Hand
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Foot

Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Long Bones

Long bones act as levers to produce a large range of

movement.

Examples of these are: Femur, tibia, fibula,

humerus, ulna, radius, phalanges, clavicle.
Short Bones

These are small and squat

bones that enable movement.
They can provide movement in
lots of directions and also give
strength.

Examples: Carpals and

tarsals
Flat Bones

These provide a large surface area for muscles

to attach to. They also provide protection for
organs.

Examples: Pelvis and scapula.

Irregular Bones

These bones provide support and

protection. They are shaped to
suit the specific job they have to
do.

Example: Vertebrae.
1.Draw your own Skeleton
2.Label with correct spelling
3.Colour/shade in the bones to what
type they are
ie. Long bones - Blue
Short bones - Red
Flat bones - Green
Irregular bones - Yellow
Battleships
● Each player must choose a bone
and keep it to yourself
● Taking turns each player takes
guesses to find out the opposing
players bone to sink their ship.
● If an opposing player says a bone
that is connected to your bone you
say “hit”
● If If an opposing player says a
bone that is not connected to your
bone you say “miss”
● If an opposing player says a bone
that is your bone you say “you
 Joints types, What are the three types of
joints?
structure and
formation Can you describe two types of
freely moveable joints?
DEFINITION:
“A joint is a place where two or more bones meet”.

Three main types of joints:

1.Fixed or Immovable Joints (Fibrous Joints)

2.Slightly Movable Joints (Cartilaginous Joints)

3.Freely Movable Joints (Synovial Joints)

Fixed or Immovable Joints
(Fibrous Joints)
These bones cannot move at all and are found
in the cranium.

These are known as fibrous joints as the bones

are joined via fibrous connective tissue.
Slightly Movable Joints
(Cartilaginous Joints)
The bones in these joints can move a small
amount as they are linked together by
ligaments and cartilage (which absorbs the
movement).

They are found in the vertebral column

(spine) and the ribs.
Freely Movable Joints (Synovial
Synovial joints have a greater amount of movement
Joints)
and include the elbow, shoulder, knee and hip.
Synovial Joints
These joints have a number of parts with differing roles:

■ Synovial Membrane: surrounds the joint capsule with a synovial fluid.

■ Synovial Fluid: acts as a lubricant that reduces friction in the joint; allows for

smoother movement and reduces wear and tear.

■ Joint Capsule: the structure that surrounds and protects the joint, holding the bones

together; made up of an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane.

■ Ligament: the strong, elastic fibres that hold the bones together and keep them in

place.
■ Cartilage: a strong but flexible material found at the end of the bones that acts as a

cushion to stop bones knocking together.

■ Tendon: a tough band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone and enables
Types of Synovial Joints (there are 2
types) Ball and Socket
These are found at the shoulders
and hips. They provide a large
range of movement in every
direction. One bone has a bulge or
ball that fits into a socket in the
other bone.

Ball and socket joints allow

actions such as an overhead clear
in badminton or bowling in cricket.
Hinge Joint

These are located in the elbow and

the knee and are like the hinges on
a door, allowing movement in one
direction (back and forward).

Your elbows and knees allow you to

bend or straighten your arms and
legs when performing a jump shot
in basketball.
Q1
Q2
Movement at
Joints
Flexion

Bending a part of the body: Extension

e.g. bending your arm at the elbow. Straightening a part of

Flexing makes muscles shorter the body:

(contracting). e.g. straightening your

arm at the elbow.

Extending makes
muscles longer
(relaxing).
Abduction Adduction

A sideways movement
A sideways movement
towards the centre of
away from the centre
the body:
of the body:
e.g. lowering your arm
e.g. lifting your arm up
to your side.
from your side.
ADDuction = ADDing a
ABduction = the limb is
limb to the centre line
ABsent from the centre
of the body
line
Rotation
Rotation is a turning point
around an axis.

E.g. turning your head from

left to right, spinning on the
spot.

When you turn your leg to

point your feet and toes out to
the side, you are rotating your
Dorsiflexion

Dorsiflexion is the movement in the ankle where the toes are brought closer
to the shin. E.g. when you lift your foot off of the ground when running. A
shark's Dorsal Fin points up out of the water.

Dorsal - Dorsiflexion
Plantar Flexion

Plantar flexion is the movement in the ankle joint that points your foot away
from the leg. E.g. a gymnast pointing their toes to keep their body in as much
of a straight line as possible. Plantar - Pointing your toes
Sporting examples - Explain the movement, including joints
and bones

5. - Arms ----------->
1. - Ankle

2. Head ---------------->

6. Elbow ---------->
3. - Elbow

7. Arms ------------>
4. - Ankle --------------->
 Muscles
Location and role of each
muscle

Importance of tendons

Sporting examples for each

movement
What are these two
muscles?
Key Terms
Muscle: a band of fibrous tissue that has the ability to contract,
producing movement in the body.
Tendon: a tough/strong band of fibrous tissue that attaches
muscles to a bone which allows movement to happen.

The main muscles in your body that move your bones are called
voluntary muscles. They are called 'voluntary' because you
consciously choose to move them.
Play this game to get used
to the names
https://www.purposegames.com/game/gcse-pe-musc
les
 Exam Questions
1. Describe what a Tendon is and its importance when completing a
sporting movement (3 marks)

2. Explain for each, a sporting example of the following muscles

- Pectorals
- Quadriceps
- Triceps
- Latissimus dorsi
 Mark scheme
1)
 Make Video of movements
Type of Sporting Description, Muscles Bones used
movement example involved. / type of
joint

Flexion

Extension

Adduction

Abduction

Rotation

Plantar-flexion

Dorsi-flexion
 ■ Understand how muscles

work in pair (in the

shoulder, elbow, hip, knee,

Antagonistic ankle) to create movement.

Muscle Action ■ Identify the action of an

agonist (prime mover) and

antagonist.
■ Explain how muscles work

using isotonic and

isometric contractions.
Key Terms

Agonist: the muscle that

contracts to create movement
(also known as the prime
mover)

Antagonist: the muscle that

relaxes during movement.

Antagonistic: antagonistic
pairs of muscles work in
opposition; they create
movement when one (the
Key Terms
Origin: where a muscle joins a stationary bone.

Insertion: where a muscle joins a moving bone

.The origin is the end of a muscle which is

attached to a fixed bone. The insertion is the
other end of the muscle that is attached to the
bone which moves.
Task
1. Make a title rowing leg movement at the knee
2. Subheading Extension and identify the below information
- Agonist & Antagonist
- Origin & Insertion
1. Subheading Flexion and identify the below information
- Agonist & Antagonist
- Origin & Insertion
Key Terms
Isotonic Contraction: where muscles change length as they contract.

Concentric Contraction: muscle contraction where the muscle shortens.

Eccentric Contraction: muscle contraction where the muscle lengthens.

AND

Isometric Contraction: where the muscles contract, but stay the same length.
Concentric & Eccentric
Concentric Contractions are evident when an
individual is moving against the resistance or
weight. Concentric Contraction shortens the
muscle.

Eccentric Elongates or Extends the muscle.

Isometric contraction

Isometric contraction – this involves a muscle producing

tension but staying the same length. This occurs when the
body is fixed in one position.

Examples
● Rugby Scrum
● Tug of war
● Iron Cross gymnastics
Task Q1
What type of muscle contraction is occurring in this
photo?

❏ Isotonic Concentric

❏ Isotonic Eccentric

❏ Isometric
Q2
What type of muscle
contraction is
occurring on the
down phase in the
biceps in this gif?

❏ Isotonic
Concentric

❏ Isotonic Eccentric

❏ Isometric
Q3
What type of muscle
contraction is
occurring in the biceps
in the upward phase
of this gif?

❏ Isotonic
Concentric

❏ Isotonic Eccentric

❏ Isometric
Q4
In the upward
phase of this
action, what
muscle is the
agonist and
why?
Q5
Which muscle is the agonist in this gif?
Q6

In the straightened leg in this

running picture, which
muscle is the antagonist?
2 photos of a sporting movement
Showing a muscle working in a pair

Annotate the following

● Agonist (name of muscle working)

● Type of contraction
Muscle fibre
Types
Starter
There are 2 types of muscle fibres. Can you
guess from the pictures what they may be?
Extension
How might these
muscle fibers differ?
Note anything you
may already know
about muscle fibres
Muscle Fibers
Slow twitch (SO), Fast twitch Type 1 (FO) and Fast twitch
Type 2 (FG) are the three types of muscle fibres.

Slow twitch assist long distance events such as marathon

running. Contract slowly but can work for a long period
of time.

Fast twitch are for powerful burst of movements. Contract

quickly but they fatigue quicker.
Slow Twitch (Type 1) - Characteristics
● Contract slowly

● Produce little force

● Higher fatigue tolerance - do not

tire easily

● Good for endurance

 Fast twitch fibres (Type 1) -
●Characteristics
Have relatively fast contractions

● Primarily use aerobic respiration to

generate ATP.

● Produce higher tension contractions

than slow oxidative fibers.

 Fast twitch fibres (Type 2) -
●Characteristics
Contract quickly

● Produce large amounts of force

● Lower fatgue tollerance - tire quickly

● Good for strength or power

The Muscle Fibre Spectrum
Where would you place these 6 sport/activities on the spectrum? Discuss with
your partner and draw it in your books.

Walking to school Running 800m Throwing a punch in boxing

Swimming 1500m Shot put Playing football

Slow Twitich Fast Twitch

Aerobic Exercise
● Often called “cardio” your heart
rate increases to supply oxygen
in the blood to be taken to the
muscles that need it
● Aerobic is used for moderate
levels of exercise over a long
time eg. Walking, jogging and
swimming
Anaerobic exercise
● Short period of high-intensity activity,
where your body’s demand for oxygen
is high.

● Oxygen in the blood cannot be supplied

to the muscles quick enough.

● The body uses up energy stored in the

muscles. This is when lactic acid is
Create 2 posters
Poster 1 on Slow twitch Fibre & 1 Poster on Fast twitch fibre

● Find a real life athlete that has a lot of type 1 & another that has
high type 2

● Summerise key points (what are the main factors for Type 1 &
Type 2)

● Say why they need that type for their sport. Why does it benefit
them? (2 reasons)

● Do they use more anaerobic or aerobic? Why?

Exam Questions
1. Which one of the following muscle fibre types is best suited for use in a 100m sprint. (1 mark)
A – Fast Type i
B – Fast Type ii
C - SLow twitch

2. Identify 3 characteristics of type 1 muscle fibres. (3 marks)

3. Describe fast twitch muscle fibres using a sporting example (4 marks)