The Eye
- Yashovardhan Bagul (02)
- Param Mahajan (21)
- Aneesh Rajwade (29)
- Neel Shaha (32)
Introduction
Visio
n
What? How? Why?
Contents
1 2 3
Structures of the
Ray Optics Eye The Visual Pathway
The Physics of Light: Refraction, How we capture the How our brain
Convergence and Divergence universe in our eyes comprehends what our
eyes capture
4 5 6
Problems in
Vision Technology Summary
Health and Aging issues in How we get a better What we have learnt so far
observing our understanding of the Eye
surroundings
01
Ray
Optics
Refraction
Bending of Light Change in Speed
@1 @2
r1
r2
Snell’s Law
This Law describes the relation between the
angle of incidence and the angle of refraction.
Working of Lenses
Convergence Divergence
● Convex Lens ● Concave Lens
Focus and Focal Length
● All rays coming from far
converge through convex
lens.
● Focus- Meeting point of
these converging rays.
● Focal length - Distance
between centre of
curvature and focus.
How eye focuses
● Changing in
thickness of
lens in eye
keeps focal
length always
constant
Structures of the
Eye 02
The External Eye
Eyebrow
s
Eyelashe
s
Eyelids
Conjunctiv
a
1 Sclera
● Structure:
Hard, White Outer Layer
of dense, fibrous
connective tissue,
primarily Collagen.
● Function:
Protects the Internal
structures and provides
support like a
‘backbone’.
2 Cornea
Sclera
● Structure:
Hard,
Transparent,
White Outer
DomeLayer
shaped,
of
Avascular
dense, fibrous
front part of the
connective
eye. tissue,
primarily Collagen.
● Layers:
● Function:
Epithelium, Bowman's layer,
Protects
stroma, Descemet's
the Internal
structures
membrane,and andprovides
endothelium.
support like a
● ‘backbone’.
Functions:
Refractive Power
Protection
3 Iris 2 Cornea
● Structure: ● Structure:
Coloured Muscular Tissue between Transparent, Dome shaped,
Cornea and Lens. Avascular front part of the
Smooth Muscle Fibers form Radial eye.
Pattern (Dilator Pupillae) and a circular
pattern (sphincter pupillae) ● Layers:
Well Vascularized. Epithelium, Bowman's layer,
stroma, Descemet's
● Functions: membrane, and endothelium.
Pupil Size Regulation
Adaptation to Light Conditions ● Functions:
Depth of Field Adjustment Refractive Power
Protection
3
4 Iris
Pupil
● Structure:
Coloured
Small Hole
Muscular
to Let Light
Tissue
Enter.
between
Cornea
No Structural
and Lens.
Components of its own.
Smooth Muscle Fibers form Radial
● Functions:
Pattern (Dilator Pupillae) and a circular
Regulate amount of
pattern (sphincter light which enters
pupillae)
the
Welleye.
Vascularized.
● Functions:
Reflexes Regarding the Iris and
Pupil Size Regulation
Pupil:
Adaptation
Pupillary Light
to Light
Reflex
Conditions
Depth of Field Adjustment
Accommodation Reflex
4 Pupil 5 Lens
● Structure: ● Structure:
Small Hole to Let Light Enter. Transparent and Biconvex.
No Structural Components of its own. Composed of elastic lens fibers
arranged in concentric layers.
● Functions: Held in place by suspensory ligaments.
Regulate amount of light which enters
the eye. ● Functions:
Adjustments in focal length.
● Reflexes Regarding the Iris and Changes shape to allow
Pupil: accommodation.
Pupillary Light Reflex
Accommodation Reflex
The Ciliary
6
5 Lens
Body
● Structure:
Transparent
Part of the Uvea,
and Biconvex.
Between the iris and
Composed
the [Link] elastic lens fibers
arranged into
Connected concentric
the lens via
layers.
suspensory
Held in place by suspensory ligaments.
ligaments.
● Functions:
Adjustments
Maintain Clarity
in focal
and Focus.
length.
Changes shape
shapeoftothe
allow
lens to allow
accommodation.
The Ciliary
7 Retina 6 Body
● Functions: ● Structure:
PhotoReception- Captures and Part of the Uvea, between the iris and
Processes Incoming Light, turning it the choroid.
into Electrical Signals. Connected to the lens via suspensory
Spatial Organisation ligaments.
Colour Vision- Different type of
cones react to different ● Functions:
wavelengths of light. Rods help Maintain clarity and focus.
detect surroundings in low-light Changes shape of the lens to allow
conditions. accommodation.
7 Retina
● Functions:
Structure:
Ganglion Cell Layer: Captures and
PhotoReception-
The innermost layer closest to the vitreous humor. Contains output neurons which transmit to the brain
Processes Incoming Light, turning it
Inner Plexiform Layer:
into Electrical
Contains synapsesSignals.
where bipolar cells transmit signals from photoreceptor cells to ganglion cells.
Spatial Organisation
Inner Nuclear Layer:
Colour Vision-
Houses the Different
cell bodies type
of bipolar of horizontal cells, and amacrine cells.
cells,
Outer Plexiform
cones Layer:
react to different
Synaptic connections
wavelengths between
of light. Rods photoreceptor
help cells (rods and cones) and bipolar cells occur here.
Outer Nuclear Layer:
detect surroundings in low-light
Contains the cell bodies of photoreceptor cells (rods and cones).
conditions.
Photoreceptor Layer:
Contains Rod and Cone cells, which capture information from incoming light.
Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE):
Single layer of cells providing nourishment and support to photoreceptor cells. Essential for recycling
pigments.
Other Parts of
the Eye
7 Retina
● Structure:
8 9
Vitreous
Ganglion Cell Layer:
The innermost layer closest to the vitreous humor. Contains output neurons which transmit to the brain
Humor
Inner Plexiform Layer:
Aqueous Humor
Contains synapses where bipolar cells transmit signals from photoreceptor cells to ganglion cells.
●Inner Nuclear Layer:
Structure: ● Structure:
Houses the cell bodies of bipolar cells,
A gel-like substance consisting mostly of horizontal cells, andwatery
A clear, amacrine cells.
fluid containing nutrients
Outer
water,Plexiform Layer:
collagen fibers, and hyaluronic acid, like glucose and proteins. Continuously
produced
Synaptic once during between
connections embryonic photoreceptor
stage. produced
cells (rods andby the ciliary
cones) andprocesses
bipolar of the occur here.
cells
ciliary body.
Outer Nuclear Layer:
●Contains
Function:the cell bodies of photoreceptor cells (rods and cones).
Photoreceptor Layer:
Fills the large space in the posterior (back) ● Function:
segment
Contains of the
Rod andeye,
Conebetween
cells,the lens and
which Foundfrom
capture information in theincoming
anterior (front)
[Link] of the
the retina. Provides structural support to the eye, between the cornea and the lens.
Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE):
eyeball, helping maintain its shape. Maintains intraocular pressure, contributing
Single layer of cells providing nourishment and support to photoreceptor cells. Essential for recycling
to the shape of the eye. Nourishes the
pigments.
Other Parts of
the Eye
8 9
Vitreous
Humor Aqueous Humor
● Structure: ● Structure:
A gel-like substance consisting mostly of A clear, watery fluid containing nutrients
water, collagen fibers, and hyaluronic acid, like glucose and proteins. Continuously
produced once during embryonic stage. produced by the ciliary processes of the
ciliary body.
● Function:
Fills the large space in the posterior (back) ● Function:
segment of the eye, between the lens and Found in the anterior (front) segment of the
the retina. Provides structural support to the eye, between the cornea and the lens.
eyeball, helping maintain its shape. Maintains intraocular pressure, contributing
to the shape of the eye. Nourishes the
Other Parts of
the Eye
10 10
Choroi
d Optic Nerve
Layer of highly vascularized and
pigmented tissue which supplies
oxygen and nutrients to the retina.
Other Parts of the Eye
03 The Visual
Pathway
120,000,000
Number of Rod cells in one eye- compared to 6,000,000 cones
Problems in 04
VisionIf you cannot read this, you probably have a problem
Emmetropia
● Normal Vision
● Every part works perfectly
Myopia and Hyperopia
Myopia and Hyperopia
Astigmatism
Cataracts
Cloudy areas in the
lens, common in older
individuals, corrected
by surgically
removing the lens
and replacing it with
an artificial lens or
powerful convex lens
Glaucoma
Glaucoma - eye condition causing optic nerve damage,
often due to increased intraocular pressure, leading to
vision loss.
Macular Degeneration
Other Malfunctions
Diabetic Retinopathy
Vision Acuity
Amblyopia
Strabismus
Presbyopia
Colour Blindness
Night Blindness
Diplopia
Conjunctivitis
Causes
Over Screening
Genetics
Bad observation positions
Aging
Major Accident/ Damage
Other Diseases like diabetes, increased blood pressure
Technology 05
LASIK
● Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis
● Vision correction surgery that uses a laser to reshape the cornea
● Steps
1) Flap Creation
2) Reshaping the cornea
3) Flap Repositioning
Contact Lenses
● Types of Lenses
1) Multifocal Lenses
2) Toric Lenses
3) Colored Lenses
Summary
Literature review
● AUTHOR. (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher
○ Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar
System
● AUTHOR. (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher
○ Mars is full of iron oxide dust, which gives the planet its reddish cast
● AUTHOR. (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher
○ Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the Solar System
● AUTHOR. (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher
○ Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun
● AUTHOR. (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher
○ Earth is the third planet from the Sun and harbors life
Hypotheses
Hypothesis 1
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar
System—it’s only a bit larger than the Moon. This planet’s name has nothing
to do with the liquid metal
Hypothesis 2
Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun. It’s
terribly hot—even hotter than Mercury—and its atmosphere is extremely
poisonous
Hypothesis 3
Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the Solar System. It's the
fourth-brightest object in the night sky. It was named after the Roman god of
the skies and lightning
Study objectives
Mercury Venus Mars
Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful Despite being red,
planet to the Sun and name and is the Mars is actually a cold
the smallest of them second planet from place. It’s full of iron
all the Sun oxide dust
Reviewing concepts is a good idea
Mars Venus Neptune
Mars is actually a Venus has extremely Neptune is the
very cold place high temperatures farthest planet from
the Sun
Mercury Saturn Jupiter
Mercury is the Saturn is a gas giant Jupiter is the biggest
closest planet to the and has several rings planet of them all
Sun
Theoretical framework
Theoretical framework
Key terms Relevant theories
● Mercury is
Theory 1 Our framework
small
Venus has a beautiful
● Earth harbors Saturn is a gas giant and
name and is the
life has rings. It’s composed
second planet from
● Jupiter is big mostly of hydrogen and
the Sun. It’s terribly
helium
Theory 2 hot
Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun and
the fourth-largest by
diameter
Schedule
Descriptio
Task Date J F M A M J Status
n
Despite being
Complete
Task 1 red, Mars is Jan 1 - Feb 15
d
cold
Earth is the
In
Task 2 planet with Feb 1 - Apr 30
progress
life
Venus has a
Mar 15 - Apr
Task 3 beautiful Delayed
30
name
Neptune is
Apr 20 - May
Task 4 very far from Unstarted
15
the Sun
Jupiter is a
Methodology
Mercury is the closest planet to
Type of data the Sun and the smallest of
them all
Venus has a beautiful name and
Motives is the second planet from the
Sun
Mercury
Mars is full of iron oxide dust,
Data collection which gives the planet its
reddish cast
Jupiter is a gas giant and the
Specific
biggest planet in the Solar
sampling System
Analysis & development
Mercury is the closest planet
to the Sun and the smallest
one in the Solar System. This
planet’s name has nothing to
do with the liquid metal
● The Sun is the star at the
center of the Solar System
● Jupiter is the biggest planet
in the entire Solar System
Venus Mercury
● Saturn is composed mostly Venus has a Mercury is
of hydrogen and helium beautiful quite a small
name planet
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here.
For more info, click here
Analysis of the results
Mercury Venus
Mercury is Venus has a
quite a small beautiful
planet name
Mars
Despite being 50%
red, Mars is
actually a cold
place
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here.
For more info, click here
This is a map
Venus
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Mercury
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
Mars
Despite being red,
Mars is a very cold
place
Discussion
Mars & Earth Discussion 1
Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold
1
Mercury is the closest
place. It's full of iron oxide dust, which gives planet to the Sun and the
the planet its reddish cast. Earth is the third smallest one in the Solar
planet from the Sun and the only one that System—it’s only a bit
harbors life in the Solar System. We all live larger than the Moon
on this planet:
● Ceres is located in the main asteroid belt 2 Discussion 2
Venus has a beautiful
● The Moon is Earth’s natural satellite name and is the second
planet from the Sun. It’s
● Neptune is very far from the Sun
terribly hot—even hotter
● Pluto is now considered a dwarf planet than Mercury
Conclusions
Mars Venus
Despite being red, Mars is actually a Venus has a very beautiful name
cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust and is the second planet from the
Sun
Mercury Neptune
Mercury is the closest planet to the Neptune is the fourth-largest planet
Sun and the smallest one in the by diameter in the Solar System
Solar System
9h 55m 23s
Jupiter’s rotation period
333,000
The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s
386,000 km
Distance between Earth and the Moon
Resources and References
● Google, Chatgpt and Wikipedia, for References
● Slidesgo for the Template
● [Link] for the Image in Structures of the
Eye
● [Link] for the Picture and
Information about the Eye
Thank You for Watching and Learning!
Q&A
Thank You for Watching and
Learning!
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