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GENDER AND
CULTURE
Cultural factors affecting personality
 OBJECTIVES

1. Interpret and evaluate 2. Value acceptance and

significant influences revise culturally formed
affecting personality personalities
formation
3. Compare and contrast
different cultural standpoints
on gender and sexuality

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CULTURE AND
BEHAVIOR
 “
“Evolution made us for
culture.”
– Roy Baumeister, 2005

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➢ Evolutionary psychology incorporates
environmental influences. It recognizes
that nature and nurture interact in forming
us.
➢ Genes are not fixed blueprints; their
expression depends on the environment
(analogy of tea and hot water).
➢ The cultural perspective highlights human
adaptability.
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Cultural
Diversity
The diversity of our languages,
customs, and expressive behaviors
confirms that much of our behavior
is socially programmed, not
hardwired.

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 UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL DIVERSITY

As we work, play, and live In a conflict-laden world,

with people from diverse achieving peace requires
cultural backgrounds, it a genuine appreciation
helps to understand how for both our genuine
our cultures influence us differences and our deep
and how our cultures similarities.
differ.

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 All cultures have their accepted ideas about appropriate
behavior.

It may be prescriptive Norms do restrain

Norms (encouraging positive and control us—so
rules or behavior; for example, successfully and so
“be honest”) or subtly that we hardly
expectations that proscriptive sense their existence.
are socially (discouraging negative
enforced. behavior; for example,
“do not cheat”).

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HOW IS CULTURE IN
REFERENCE TO NORMS?

Culture is largely
influenced by the norms
that are accepted by the
society. Each culture differs
in its standards and norms.

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LET US TRY TO EXAMINE THE
DIFFERENT CULTURES.

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 MAP OF THE DIFFERENT CULTURES

Tibetan Culture
Sinospher
e

Wester
n Islamic Culture
culture
Indospher
e

Arab Culture

Wester
n
culture

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DIFFERENT CULTURES
➢ WESTERN
• ANGLO-AMERICAN
• LATIN-AMERICAN
• ENGLISH-SPEAKING WORLD
• AFRICAN-AMERICAN
 INDOSPHERE
 SINOSPHERE
 ISLAMIC
 ARABIC
 TIBETAN

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 WESTERN: ANGLO-AMERICAN
most often refers to a region in the Americas in which English is a main language
and British culture and the British Empire have had significant historical, ethnic, linguistic
and cultural impact.

APPROACH ON GENDER AND SEXUALITY

• depictions of gender roles in Beowulf are important to the definition of individual and
community identity. If individuals did not act according to their roles, then the community
could not be unified and would fail. (Traditional Anglo-American)
• Male gender role was dominant (image of the hero, kings and rulers)
[Relating to Beuwolf: “The Geats’ Great Prince stood firm, unmoving, prepared Behind his
high shield, waiting in his shining armor” – The Final Battle line 718-720
• Women gender roles (cupbearers, peace-weavers)
• Divorce was permitted

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 WESTERN: ANGLO-AMERICAN
most often refers to a region in the Americas in which English is a main language
and British culture and the British Empire have had significant historical, ethnic, linguistic
and cultural impact.

APPROACH ON GENDER AND SEXUALITY

• Law of Cnut: women had the right to leave if marriage was “displeasing”
• Once married, wife prepared to take the husband’s place at any moment (look after
the home/farm, see if there needs to be a repair, collect ransom in case husband was
a prisoner)
• Men focused on protection and labor work (cutting trees)
• Finances belong to both men and women
• Promoting equality of opportunity for all and achieving diversity at all levels
• Increasing women involvement in the workforce

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 WESTERN: LATIN-AMERICAN
These are generally of Western origin, but have various degrees of Native
American, African and Asian influence.

APPROACH ON GENDER AND SEXUALITY

• Latin American gender roles speak of traditionally accepted gender archetypes, such
as machismo (an exaggerated masculinity for men) and marianismo (a passive,
nurturing role for women).
• Machismo is, very simply put, an exaggerated masculinity, or an assumption of male
superiority, which is based on a clear cultural and social gap between what is
considered female or male. Traditional gender roles in Latin America dictate that
public space is a male domain. This mindset is more or less harmless.

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 WESTERN: LATIN-AMERICAN
These are generally of Western origin, but have various degrees of Native
American, African and Asian influence.

APPROACH ON GENDER AND SEXUALITY

• Marianismo is an aspect of the female gender role in the machismo of
Hispanic American folk culture. It is the veneration for feminine virtues like purity and
moral strength. For example, it represents the "virgin" aspect of the dichotomy.
• one of the difficulties in defining gender roles is that Latin American countries
underwent rapid changes in gender roles during the latter part of the twentieth
century.
• violence against women can be understood broadly to include any form of exclusion,
harassment, or abuse.
• In the three Latin American countries surveyed, strong majorities say they accept
homosexuality in society.

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 WESTERN: ENGLISH-SPEAKING WORLD
The United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland.

APPROACH ON GENDER AND SEXUALITY

• Survey finds these countries are abandoning traditional views of
gender roles (Traditional views of gender roles have continued to
decline, according to the latest survey of social attitudes by
the National Centre for Social Research (NatCen), with 72% disputing
the conservative view that women should dedicate themselves to
housework, compared with 58% 10 years ago.
• There is a view that feminism is redundant; they have their rights now so they
can take off the dungarees and choose to do what they like.

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 WESTERN: ENGLISH-SPEAKING WORLD
The United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland.

APPROACH ON GENDER AND SEXUALITY

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 WESTERN: AFRICAN-AMERICAN
African-American culture is rooted in the blend between the cultures of West and Central
Africa and the Anglo-Celtic culture that has influenced and modified its development in the
American South.
APPROACH ON GENDER AND SEXUALITY
• Gender roles established within African-American families often contradict the ideologies
of the functionalist perspective.
• In examining sex and gender roles within African- American families, there is a paradigm
shift in the Black family structure.
• the cultural practices and functions of Black families were by all means shaped by the
institution of slavery ->crucial turning point as it marked some of the greatest changes in
the structure of Black families.
• families were deconstructed in many ways which affected the roles of Black men and
Black women. As a result, they were forced to conform to the traditional norms of the
Anglo-Saxon community.

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 WESTERN: AFRICAN-AMERICAN
African-American culture is rooted in the blend between the cultures of West and
Central Africa and the Anglo-Celtic culture that has influenced and modified its
development in the American South.
APPROACH ON GENDER AND SEXUALITY
• Regardless of gender, persons were expected to fulfill domestic and outdoor activities
on an equal basis. The roles of African women were not limited to domestic chores.
• Not all women are oppressed in the same ways despite holding the common minority
status of being female .
• Black Americans are more divided with fewer than half (48%) expressing support for
allowing gay and lesbian couples to marry, while 41% are opposed. However, this
represents a five-point increase in support for same-sex marriage, compared to 43% in
2015.

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 INDOSPHERE CULTURE
It highlights the cultural influence in Southeast Asia.

APPROACH ON GENDER AND SEXUALITY

• Gender in Southeast Asia is the deciding factor concerning independence, ability to work
and even health. Southeast Asian countries, such as Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand and
Vietnam, are culturally diverse.
• Despite Southeast Asian countries’ reputation for being run by men, the Philippines and
Singapore have impressive indicators on gender equality. However, when considering
Southeast Asia as a whole, gender equality is still nowhere near perfect.
• Cultural shifts over the last 40 years mean that Southeast Asia currently has a female
workforce participation rate of 42%, which is higher than the global average of 39%.
• These days, women are able to have jobs to support themselves and not rely on their
significant others so much, hence the term “independent women”.

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 SINOSPHERE CULTURE
Sinophone world to mean the regions of Chinese diaspora outside of Greater China, and
some for the entire Chinese-speaking world.

APPROACH ON GENDER AND SEXUALITY

• The concept of gender is foundational to the general approach of Chinese
thinkers. Yin and yang, core elements of Chinese cosmogony, involve correlative
aspects of “dark and light,” “female and male,” and “soft and hard.” These notions, with
their deeply-rooted gender connotations, recognize the necessity of interplay between
these different forces in generating and carrying forward the world.
• The Constitution of the People's Republic of China, which was enacted in 1954, stated
that women and men should have equal rights. To promote gender equality, the
Communist Party promoted the slogan "Women hold up half the sky" to illustrate the
importance of women to China's economic success.
• The party and the government implemented policies ensuring equal pay for equal work
and equal opportunity for men and women.

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 SINOSPHERE CULTURE
Sinophone world to mean the regions of Chinese diaspora outside of Greater China, and
some for the entire Chinese-speaking world.

APPROACH ON GENDER AND SEXUALITY

• Discrimination against women is on the rise. From the womb to the workplace, from the
political arena to the home, women in China are losing ground at every turn.
• One-child policy, official program initiated in the late 1970s and early ’80s by the
central government of China, the purpose of which was to limit the great majority
of family units in the country to one child each. There was a persistent gender imbalance
(because of the traditional preference of having sons) and invoking stronger measures
such as forced abortions and sterilizations (the latter primarily of women).

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 ISLAMIC CULTURE
Islamic culture and Muslim culture refer to cultural practices common to historically Islamic people. With
the rapid expansion of the Islamic empires, Muslim culture has influenced and assimilated much from
the Persian, Egyptian, Caucasian, Turkic, Mongol, Indian, Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Malay, Somali, Berber, Ind
onesian, and Moro cultures. Islamic culture generally includes all the practices which have developed around
the religion of Islam. There are variations in the application of Islamic beliefs in different cultures and
traditions.

APPROACH ON GENDER AND SEXUALITY

• In Islam, scriptures, cultural traditions, and jurisprudence affect the relationship between
men and women.
• The Quran, the holiest book in Islam, indicates that men and women are spiritual equals.
It states:
"If any do deeds of righteousness be they male or female and have faith, they will enter
Heaven, and not the least injustice will be done to them."

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 ISLAMIC CULTURE
Islamic culture and Muslim culture refer to cultural practices common to historically Islamic people. With
the rapid expansion of the Islamic empires, Muslim culture has influenced and assimilated much from
the Persian, Egyptian, Caucasian, Turkic, Mongol, Indian, Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Malay, Somali, Berber, Ind
onesian, and Moro cultures.

APPROACH ON GENDER AND SEXUALITY

• However, in Islamic practice, gender roles manifest themselves, partially because men and
women are sometimes allotted different rights and different cultural expectations.
• In some Muslim-majority countries, women are legally restricted from practicing certain
rights.
• Traditional Islamic schools of thought as based on the Quran and Hadith consider
homosexuality to be a punishable sin.

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 ARAB CULTURE
Arab culture is the culture of the Arabs, from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabia
Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Horn of Africa and the
Indian Ocean in the southeast.

APPROACH ON GENDER AND SEXUALITY

• Women in Arab countries find themselves torn between opportunity and tradition.
• Arab Muslim women in the Middle East still face substantial social and legal
inequalities. Even as governments in the region tout female advancement
abroad, women in the Arab Gulf claim that they still enforce traditional gender roles.

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 ARAB CULTURE
Arab culture is the culture of the Arabs, from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabia
Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Horn of Africa and the
Indian Ocean in the southeast.

APPROACH ON GENDER AND SEXUALITY

• women in all of the Gulf states must receive the approval of a male guardian to
marry.
• In Qatar, single women under 25 require permission to travel abroad, and Qatari men
can argue in court to stop their wives from traveling.
• In Saudi Arabia, men can file a “disobedience” complaint against female relatives for
leaving the house without permission.
• In Qatar, Kuwait and Bahrain, a man can stop his wife from working if he feels her
employment interferes with her domestic responsibilities or religious conduct.

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 TIBETAN CULTURE
Tibet developed a distinct culture due to its geographic and climatic conditions. While influenced
by neighboring cultures from China, India, and Nepal, the Himalayan region's remoteness and
inaccessibility have preserved distinct local influences, and stimulated the development of its
distinct culture.
APPROACH ON GENDER AND SEXUALITY
• Though it is a religious society, there are no proscriptions to control
women’s sexuality. A Tibetan man doesn’t expect his new wife to be a
virgin. Tibetan women are free to choose any career, husband, or stay
single.
• Tibetan women do generally play an equal role in society, there are fewer
in leadership and political positions.
• Tibetans, both men and women, pray not to be reborn as a woman but as
a man in their next life. It’s not clear if this is a cultural trend, or comes
from their Buddhist beliefs.

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 TIBETAN CULTURE
Tibet developed a distinct culture due to its geographic and climatic conditions. While influenced
by neighboring cultures from China, India, and Nepal, the Himalayan region's remoteness and
inaccessibility have preserved distinct local influences, and stimulated the development of its
distinct culture.
APPROACH ON GENDER AND SEXUALITY
• Tibetan women were allowed to have their own businesses and even allowed to
inherit land, something the modern world did not see until much later in history.
• Sexually, both men and women participated in extramarital affairs as well as
homosexuality, though male homosexuality was accepted whereas women’s
homosexuality was prosecuted aside from nobility.

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 PHILIPPINE CULTURE
Northern Philippines: Ifugao, Bontoc, Kankanay, Ibaloi, Kalinga, Tinguian, Isneg, Gaddang,
Ilongot and Negrito.
Southern Philippines: Blaan, Bukidnon, Higaonon, Mamanwa, Mandaya, Manobo, Mansaka,
Sangir, Subanen, Tagabawa, Tagakaulo, Tasaday, and T’boli.
APPROACH ON GENDER AND SEXUALITY
• In the Higaonon tribe in the Southern Philippines, when talking about adultery, the tribal chieftain
has said that the practice is considered a serious crime in the tribe because the Higaonons believe
that it actually brings bad luck.
• Though pagduway (or having two wives) is allowed in the tribe, the consent of the original wife is
required; otherwise, the husband could not engage in duway (have two wives). A man intending to
have two wives must see to it that he can afford to provide the basic needs of his wives and their
children.

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 PHILIPPINE CULTURE
Northern Philippines: Ifugao, Bontoc, Kankanay, Ibaloi, Kalinga, Tinguian, Isneg, Gaddang,
Ilongot and Negrito.
Southern Philippines: Blaan, Bukidnon, Higaonon, Mamanwa, Mandaya, Manobo, Mansaka,
Sangir, Subanen, Tagabawa, Tagakaulo, Tasaday, and T’boli.
APPROACH ON GENDER AND SEXUALITY
• The Bontoc in the Cordillera ethinic groups, women were tattooed on the arms only unlike men who has the
opportunity to have tattoos in different areas
• For the Mamanwas, their chieftain may be a man or a woman, which is characteristic of other gender-
egalitarian hunter-gatherer societies
• Filipino Muslims in the Mindanao region of the Philippines commonly practice pre-
arranged marriages and [Link] Tausog people's wedding include the pangalay, a celebration or
announcement performed by means of the playing of percussion instruments like as the gabbang,
the kulintang, and the agong.
• A marital union is always for and in consideration of a dowry. Dowry is meant only for the bride-to-be and
held by her parents for safekeeping. A wedding takes place shortly after a dowry's negotiation;
• The brunt of a wedding celebration's expenses usually falls upon the would-be groom's parents;

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 PHILIPPINE CULTURE
Northern Philippines: Ifugao, Bontoc, Kankanay, Ibaloi, Kalinga, Tinguian, Isneg, Gaddang,
Ilongot and Negrito.
Southern Philippines: Blaan, Bukidnon, Higaonon, Mamanwa, Mandaya, Manobo, Mansaka,
Sangir, Subanen, Tagabawa, Tagakaulo, Tasaday, and T’boli.
APPROACH ON GENDER AND SEXUALITY
• Marriage between couples of the same sex is currently not possible under the laws of the
Philippines because, according to the Filipino Family Code, both family and marriage are
considered as heterosexual units. The legal concept of a family in the Philippines does not
incorporate homosexual relationships.

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 PHILIPPINE CULTURE
Northern Philippines: Ifugao, Bontoc, Kankanay, Ibaloi, Kalinga, Tinguian, Isneg, Gaddang,
Ilongot and Negrito.
Southern Philippines: Blaan, Bukidnon, Higaonon, Mamanwa, Mandaya, Manobo, Mansaka,
Sangir, Subanen, Tagabawa, Tagakaulo, Tasaday, and T’boli.
APPROACH ON GENDER AND SEXUALITY
• During the Spanish regime, literatures about the status of Filipino women times, they have
experienced exploitation. Filipino women did not join and share ideas or participate in the decision
making about issues in the society
• In the Philippines, we have traditional patriarchal set up in families. Husband is the household head
and the wife is the domestic manager
• In the recent time, however, there has been an increase in the number of married women joining
the labor market.

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References:
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• https://
[Link]/publication/323121189_Indigenous_Peoples_and_Gender_R
oles_The_Changing_Traditional_Roles_of_Women_of_the_Kalanguya_Tribe_in_Ca
pintalan_Carranglan_in_the_Philippines

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That’s all for today. Enjoy your mental
Health Break 

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