23ADT001 - C Programming

Module I
Topic – Decision Statements

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• Conditional statements –
• If
• if else
• else if ladder
• Nested if
• Nested if else and
• switch statements

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Program Control Structure
• A Program is usually not limited to a linear sequence of instructions

• During its process, it may diverge, repeat code or take decisions

• Program statements that affect the order in which statements are executed or that
affect whether statements are executed are called control structures

• 3 control structures are:

• Sequential control structures
• Selection (decision /branched) control structures
• Iteration /looping control structures

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Control structures
• Sequential control structures(where the information flows in straight
line)
• Selection (decision /branched) control structures(where decisions are
made according to some predefined condition)
• Iteration /looping control structures (where the logic (sequence of
steps ) is repeated in a loop until the desired output is obtained)

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Sequence control structure
Flow chart Pseudocode

Process 1 Process 1

Process 2 Process 2

Process n Process n

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Example
START

Read a,b

c=a+b

Print c

STOP

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Decision Making statements
• Decision making statements in a programming language helps the
programmer to transfer the control from one part to other part of
the program.
• If statement
• If..else statement
• If..else..if ladder
• Switch case

23ADT001 - C PROGRAMMING
If statement
• if statement is the most simple decision-making statement.
• It is used to decide whether a certain statement or block of
statements will be executed or not.
• if a certain condition is true then a block of statement is executed
otherwise not.

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Simple if
Example:

Syntax :
if(expression)
{ statement
};

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Pseudocode and Flow chart
Pseudocode Flow chart
IF (condition is true) THEN
process 1
YES If
. Condition
. True?
END IF
Process 1 NO
.
.

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Example
Start

Read a

yes
If a>0
no
Print a is Positive

Stop
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if-else statement
• The if statement alone tells us that if a condition is true it will
execute a block of statements and if the condition is false it won’t.
• We can use the else statement with if statement to execute a block
of code when the condition is false.

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if-else statement
• Syntax:

if (condition)
{
Statement block-1
}
else
{
Statement block-1
}
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 if-else

Example:
Syntax :
if(expression)
{
statement1;
}
else
{
Statement2;
}

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Pseudocode and Flowchart

IF (condition is true) THEN

process 1
YES If NO
. Condition
. True?
ELSE
process 2 Process 1 Process 2
.
.
END IF
.
.
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Example
Start

Read a,b

yes
If a>b
no
Print a is Greater
Print b is Greater

Stop
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Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 20;
if (i < 15)
{
printf("i is smaller than 15");
}
else
{
printf("i is greater than 15");
}
return 0;
}

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Flowchart
Start

Read a

true false
If i<15

i is smaller than 15 i is larger than 15

Stop
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Nested if
• A nested if in C is an if statement that is the target of another if
statement.
• Nested if statements mean an if statement inside another if
statement.
• Yes, both C and C++ allow us to nested if statements within if
statements, i.e, we can place an if statement inside another if
statement.

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Nested if Example:
Syntax :
if(expression1)
{
if(expression2)
{
if(expression3)
{
statement
}}}

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Nested if else / If..else..if ladder
• Here, a user can decide among multiple options.
• The C if statements are executed from the top down.
• As soon as one of the conditions controlling the if is true, the
statement associated with that if is executed, and the rest of the C
else-if ladder is bypassed.
• If none of the conditions are true, then the final else statement will
be executed.

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Nested if else / If..else..if ladder
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h> Example:
void main()
{
Syntax :
if(expression 1) {
int a;
statement-block1; printf("Enter a Number: ");
} scanf("%d",&a);
else if(expression 2) {
statement-block2;
if(a > 0)
} { printf("Given Number is Positive"); }
else if(expression 3) { else if(a == 0)
statement-block3;
}
{ printf("Given Number is Zero");
else }
statement-block 4; else if(a < 0)
{ printf("Given Number is Negative"); }
getch();
}
output:
Enter a Number: -5
Given Number is Negative
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Flowchart

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Switch-The switch statement is a multiway branching statement. It provides
an easy way to dispatch execution to different parts of code based on the value
of the expression.
Syntax : Example:
switch (n)
​{
case constant1:
// code to be executed if n is equal to
constant1;
break;

case constant2:
// code to be executed if n is equal to
constant2;
break;
.
.
.
default:
// code to be executed if n doesn't match any
constant
}

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Flowchart

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 .
Pseudocode Flow chart

. .

CASE Type
Case Type-1:
Process 1
Case Type-2: ye
Type 1 s Process 1
Process 2
no
.
ye
. Type 2 s Process 2
Case Type-n:
no
Process n
yes
. Type 3 Process 3
.
END CASE n
o

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Break statement in Switch Case

Void main()
Output:
{
Case 1
int i=1; Case 2

switch(i) {
case 1: printf("Case1 ");
case 2: printf("Case2 "); break
case 3: printf("Case3 ");
case 4: printf("Case4 ");
default: printf("Default "); }
}
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Break statement in Switch Case

Void main()
Output:
{
Case2
int i=2; Case3
Case4
switch(i) { Default
case 1: printf("Case1 ");
case 2: printf("Case2 ");
case 3: printf("Case3 ");
case 4: printf("Case4 ");
default: printf("Default "); }
}
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#include <stdio.h>
Supports character
int main () { and int
/* local variable definition */ Does not support float
char grade = 'B'; values
switch(grade) {
case 'A' : printf("Excellent!\n" ); break;
case 'B' :
case 'C' : printf("Well done\n" ); break;
case 'D' : printf("You passed\n" ); break;
case 'F' : printf("Better try again\n" ); break;
default : printf("Invalid grade\n" );
}
printf("Your grade is %c\n", grade ); return 0; }
• When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the
following result −
• Well done

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The default block can be placed anywhere.
The position of default doesn’t matter, it is still executed if no match found.

// The default block is placed above other

cases.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x = 4;
switch (x)
{
default: printf("Choice other than 1 and
2");
break;
case 1: printf("Choice is 1");
break;
case 2: printf("Choice is 2");
break;
}
return 0;
}

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continue statement
• The continue statement is used inside loops.
• When a continue statement is encountered inside a loop, control
jumps to the beginning of the loop for next iteration, skipping the
execution of statements inside the body of loop for the current
iteration.
Syntax:
continue;

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Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
for (int j=0; j<=8; j++)
{
if (j==4)
{
continue;
}
printf("%d ", j);
}
return 0;
}

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Continue statement

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• Decision Making
statements

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References
• Ashok N.Kamthane, Amit.N.Kamthane, “Programming in C”, 3rd
Edition, Pearson Education, 2015
• Ajay Mittal, “Programming in C-A Practical Approach”, 3rd Edition,
Pearson Education, 2010.
• Yashavant P.Kanetkar, “Let Us C”, 16th Edition, BPB Publications,
2018.
• PradipDey, ManasGhosh, “Computer Fundamentals and
Programming in C”, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2013.

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