CHAPTER 2
HISTORICAL,
PHILOSOPHICAL,
THEORETICAL
AND LEGAL
FOUNDATIONS OF
SPECIAL AND INCLUSIVE
EDUCAT ION.
Era of Extermination
During the Greek and Roman
Era, people held such negative
views about disability that it
was regarded as a
punishment from God,
something that signifies being
bad or evil.
Era of Ridicule
During the Middle Ages,
people live in rigid caste
systems that discrimination
of individuals who were
different from the majority
in the society became
apparent.
Era of Asylum
During the
Renaissance Period, the
catholic church began
accepting person with
disabilities as wards of
states.
Perspectives on Educability in the early
beginnings of Special Education
This lead some individuals to device ways to
deliver education to those with disabilities, and
thus, the start of the development of special and
inclusive education.
Among this individuals were :
Pedro Ponce de Leon(1578), who provided
education to deaf children from nobility;
Abbe Charles Michel(1960), who put up an
institute for the deaf; and
Louise Braille(1829), who invented the Braille
script to allow the blind to read.
Timeline of events, persons and ideas
that shaped the early history of special
and inclusive education
Mid-1700s Joseph Pereire showed
interest in a group of individuals
called “deafmutes”, who were
generally believed to be unteachable.
Using simple sign language and a
machine he invented, he
systematically taught them to do
simple arithmetic calculations.
Early 1800s special education
programs in United States started to
develop.
Samuel Gridley Howe was known
for his work with blind individuals at
the Perkins School for blind in Boston,
while Thomas Gallaudet put up a
school for deaf in Hartford,
Connecticut.
Eduard Seguin, Itard’s student,
focused on teaching individuals with
Early 20th century Maria Montessori
developed techniques and materials
that can be used to teach learners
with intellectual disability;
Grace Fernald developed techniques
for providing remedial education in
teaching.
1920 - 1940 Henry Goddard
published a famous study on the
Kallikak family
(feeblemindedness: its causes and
consequences, (1914), about a
man who fathered an illegitimate
child, whose descendants became
retarded; and legitimate child,
whose descendants were of
average to above average
1950-1970 the improvements
economics and politics as this time
helped create a more positive attitude
and available funding for special
education.
Other important figures of special
education during this time were
Samuel Kirk, who coined the term
“learning disabilities”, Mariane
Frostig, Newel Kephart, and
William Cruickshank, who all
contributed in the progress of special
education.
1970 and beyond special education
started to be recognized as a formal
and identifiable profession;
parents and advocates also started to
acknowledge the rights of individuals
with special needs and the importance
of special education; and legislation
regarding special education were
created.
Developments in the last century
(1900)
Much has changed in how
disability was viewed in the last
century.
The biological perspective has
gained emphasis, which led to the
medical model that suggests
institutional care be given to
individuals with disability.
Special and Inclusive Education in the
Philippines
Locally, the need for special and
inclusive education has also been
recognized.
When the recent history of the
development of education in the
Philippines is examined, some
noteworthy milestones can be
identified as attempts to provide equal
access to education for all learners.
Key developments in the practice of inclusive
education in the phillipines
1907- the insular school for the deaf and
blind was established.
1960- programs for the gifted was
developed.
1977- the position for undersecretary for
education and culture for non-formal
education(PD1139) was created.
1983- BP 344 or the law to enhance mobility
of disabled person.
1987- the Philippines constitution ( Article
XIV, Section 1 and 2)
1989- Proclamation 480 declares the
period 1990-1999 as the “Decades of
education for all”
1990- World declaration on education for
all.
1992- RA 7277 Magna Carta for the
Disabled Persons.
1992- RA 7610 special protection
Against Abuse, Exploitation and
Discrimination Act.
1994- Salamanca statement on the education
of children with disabilities.
1996- four pillars of learning (Learning the
Treasure within reports to UNESCO of the
International Commission on Education for
the 20th century.
1989- Proclamation 480 declares the period
1990-1999 as the “Decades of education for
all”
1990- World declaration on education for all.
1992- RA 7277 magna carta for the Disabled
Persons.
1992- RA 7610 special protection Against
Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act.
1994- Salamanca statement on the education
of children with disabilities.
1996- four pillars of learning (Learning the
Treasure within reports to UNESCO of the
International Commission on Education for
the 20th century.
1997- RA 8371 The Indigenous People’s Right
Act.
2000- The Dakar frameworks for action,
Education for All.
2001- RA 9155 Governance of Basic Education
Act
2004- EO 356 Renaming the Bureau of Non-
formal Education to Bureau of Alternative
Learning.
2004- DepED Order 51, series of 2004
Standard Curriculum for Elementary Public
Schools and Private Madaris.
2004- DepED Order 51, series of 2004
Standard Curriculum for Elementary
Public Schools and Private Madaris.
2006- UN Convention on the Rights of
Person’s with Disabilities
2006- The Philippine Education for AlL
(EFA) 2015 National Action Plan.
2006- RA 9344 The Juvenile Justice and
Welfare ACT.
2007- Un declaration on the rights of
Indigenous people
2007- RA 9442 an act amending RA 7277
Magna Carta for Disabled Person
2008- Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program
(4P’s)
2009- DepEd Order 72 series, of 2009
Inclusive Education as a Strategy for
Increasing Participation Rate of
Children
2009- DepEd order 74, series of 2009
Institutionalizing Mother Tongue-
Based Multilingual Education (MLE)
2009- RA 9710 the Magna Carta of
Women
2010- DepEd Order 22, series of 2010
Mainstreaming and
Institutionalization on Madrasah
Education Program by transferring its
developed components to the Bureau
of Elementary Education and Regional
and Division Office
2011- DepEd Order 62, series of 2011
Adopting the National Indigenous
People Policy Framework
2012- RA 10157 Kindergarten
Education Act
2012- DepEd Order 23, series of 2012
Implementing Guidelines on the Revised
School Based Management (SBM)
Framework Assessment Process and
Tool (APAT)
2013- RA 10533 Enhanced Basic
Education Act
2013- RA 10361 Domestic Workers Act
2016- Senate Bill 1298 The Individuals
with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
2016- Senate Bill 996 Inclusive
Education for Children ands Youth with
Special Needs Act
2017- DepEd Order 42, Series of 2017
Philippine Professional Standards for
Teachers
2017- CHED Memo 74-77, Series of 2017
Policies, Standards, and Guidelines for
Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEEd),
Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSEd),
Bachelor of Early Childhood Education
(BECEd), and Bachelor of Special Needs
Education (BSNEd); all with a required
Professional Education Course of
Foundation of Special and Inclusive
Education
Activity 1: Different
Perspectives,
Different Responses
VICTOR OF AVEYRON
“He is unusual to our food, selecting his
nourishment by smell but at the same time
indifferent to fragrant or foul odors: lying flat
on the ground to drink; tearing garments
placed upon him and trying to constantly
escape; walking often on all fours; fighting
with his teeth; giving few marks of
intelligence; having no articulate language
even devoid of the faculty of speech.
VICTOR OF AVEYRON
It was later discovered that the boy’s hearing
was insensitive to loud noises and to music;
yet readily heard the fall of a nut. His sense of
touch was likewise deficient. As to sight, his
eyes constantly wandered and could not be
fixed an object.”
- Bonaterre (1798)
How do you think would the view and
treatment of Victor be different if he was
discovered……
1. During the era of extermination?
2. During the era of ridicule?
3. During the era of asylum?
4. During the early beginnings of special
education?
5. In the 19oos?
6. During the present times?
Complete the timeline below regarding how views about disability and ways
of responding to it differed through History.
Period Views about Disability How do you think would
the view and treatment of
Victor be different if he
was discovered during the
following period?
1. Era of
extermination
2. Era of Ridicule
3. Era of Asylum
4. Early beginnings of
Special Education
