Geographic Coordinate system

Longitude, Latitude,
Equator, Prime Meridian
 OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students
should be able to:
• differentiate latitude from longitude;
• describe the location of the
Philippines using latitude and
longitude; and
• determine the location of different
places using coordinates.
 Competencies:
• The Philippine Archipelago
(location)
• Location of different places
using a coordinate system
 Spheroid vs Sphere
A spheroid, or ellipsoid, is a
sphere flattened at the poles.

A sphere is based on a circle,

while a spheroid (ellipsoid) is
based on an ellipse.

The semimajor axis, or

equatorial radius, is half the
major axis. the semiminor axis,
or polar radius, is half the minor
axis
Reference Line
• Equator
- is the imaginary line running east
and west where the diameter of the
globe is greatest.
Reference Line
• Prime Meridian
- is the imaginary line running from
pole to pole and passing through
Greenwich, a section of London, England.
Prime Meridian
 Coordinate System
- is a reference system used to
represent the locations of geographic
features, imagery, and locations within
a common geographic framework.
 Geographic Coordinate
System (GCS)
- is the most common coordinate system
that uses degrees of latitude and
longitude to describe a location on the
earth’s surface.
- is a three-dimensional reference system
that locates points on the Earth's
surface.
 Geographic Coordinate
System (GCS)
- The unit of
measure is usually
decimal degrees.
- A point has two
coordinate values:
latitude and
longitude. Latitude
and longitude
measure angles.
• Maps – instruments based on a coordinate
system, a method much like the Cartesian
method of plotting X and Y Points.
Latitude and Longitude
 Latitude
• Lines of Latitude run
horizontally
• Latitude is measured in degrees.
• The Equator is 0 degree Latitude.
• Lines of Latitude locate places North
or South of the Equator.
• The North Pole is 90 degrees N
Latitude, and the South Pole is 90
degrees S Latitude.
 Latitude
Latitude lines are
also called parallels
because on a globe,
latitude lines never
touch each other —
they are parallel to
each other.

Distance bet. the

lines of latitude is
constant to
111.12km (60
nautical miles)
Five Divisions
Five Divisions
 Longitude

• Lines of Longitude run

vertically.
• They are also called Meridians.
• The Prime Meridian is found in
Greenwich, England.
• The Prime Meridian is 0 degrees
Longitude.
 Longitude
The
measurement
that tells you
how far you are
east or west of
the Prime
Meridian (the
thick line that
passes through
Greenwich,
England and part
 Lines of Longitude
• The Prime Meridian (0°) and
the 180° IDL split the earth
into the Western Hemisphere
and Eastern Hemisphere.
• They are not parallels (like
latitude lines), since they
actually all touch each other
on the north and south ends of
the earth.
• Lines from pole to pole are
called meridians
 Graticule
- is the network of lines of latitude and
longitude upon which map is drawn.
- graticule on the are divided into 180
equal sections from north to south.
- each hemisphere is divided into 90
equal sections.
By combining latitude and longitude,
any location can be pinpointed.
 DMS
• In order to accomplish level of
accuracy of describing certain
location on the globe, degrees are
divided into minutes(')and seconds
(").
60’ = 1°
60’’ = 1’
3600’’ = 1°

Example: 52°13’26.2” N; 6°53’32.1”

 Putting Latitude and
Longitude Together
West East

North

South
Combine the latitude and longitude
to determine the coordinate.
 Application:
• Philippines is in
the Northern
Hemisphere
because it is
north of the
Equator. It is in
the Eastern
Hemisphere
because it is east
of the Prime
Meridian.
 Evaluation:
I. Identification:
[Link] do lines of Latitude and
Longitude combine to make?
[Link] and Contrast Latitude
and Longitude.
[Link] is 0 degrees Latitude?
[Link] is 0 degrees Longitude?
 III. Use world map or globe.
A. Identify the city nearest to the ff. coordinates.
1. 280 N, 770 E
2. 60 S, 1060 E
3. 230 N, 820 W

B. Determine the coordinates of the ff. city.

4. Abu Dhabi 2. Bangkok 3. Buenos
Aires
What is a Time Zone?
 Time Zone
- is a region where the
same standard time is used
• Time Difference from UTC
- The local time within a time zone is
defined by its offset (difference)
from Coordinated Universal Time
(UTC), the world's time standard.
- This offset is expressed as either UTC-
or UTC+ and the number of hours and
minutes.
 More Than 24 Time
Zones
• If each time zone were one hour apart,
there would be 24 in the world.
• However, the International Date Line,
creates 3 more.
• In addition, several time zones are
only 30 and 45 minutes apart. This
makes the total number of time
zones worldwide much higher.
Determining the different Time
Zones throughout the World
 Calculate the difference of time
between two locations
• First, you need to know what longitude the
two places are located in.
• Next, you would need to find the differences
in longitude (in degrees) between the two
places.
– If both places are located on the same side
of the Prime Meridian, then the numbers are
just simply subtracted to find the difference.
– If they are on the opposite side of the Prime
Meridian then the two numbers should be
added together to find the difference.
Calculate the difference of time
between two locations
• Third you need to divide the difference
(measured in degrees) by 15 since there
are 15 degrees in every hour. This will
give you the difference in time between
the two locations. So if you know what
time it is in one location, and the
longitude of another location, then just
simple addition or subtraction problem
will give you the time in a different time
zone
Calculate the difference of time
between two locations
• To find the difference between the
two longitudes and divide by 15, this
gives you the difference in hours
between the two locations.
• Second, add or subtract the number
of hours from the time of day that
was already known, you will need to
add the numbers if you are going
east, and subtract if you are going
west.
 Example Calculation
• You are in London at 12:00, and want
to know what time it is in Japan?
• Given:
London =12nn 0°
Japan = ? 135° E

135° - 0 ° = 135 °
135 °/15 = 9 hours
Time in Japan is 9 PM in Japan
 Example Calculation: IDL
• Now how about going through the International Date
Line. Pretend you are in Japan @ 3pm Thursday,
which is 135°E and you wanted to know what time it
is in Hawaii.
Given:
Japan 3:00 pm 135°
Hawaii = ? 150°
IDL 180°
180°-135° = 45° bet. Japan & IDL
180°-150° = 30° bet. IDL and Hawaii
(45+30/15=5) 5 hours
3 PM + 5 hours = 8 PM on Wednesday
 GMT and UTC
• The Meridian in Greenwich, London, UK
represents the world’s prime meridian –
Every place on Earth is measured in terms
of its distance east or west from this line.
• One would need to divide the longitude, in
degrees, by 15 to find the appropriate
time zone, in hours.
• The time changes one hour forward and
backward respectively for every 15
degrees east or west of the Greenwich
Meridian.
For example:
• At 150 degrees west (or 150° W)
longitude, the time should be 150
degrees divided by 15 degrees = 10
hours behind Coordinated Universal
Time (UTC), or UTC-10.
• At 75 degrees east (or 75° E)
longitude, the time would be 75
degrees divided by 15 degrees = 5
hours ahead of UTC/GMT, or UTC+5.
Half Hour and 45-Minute
Time Zones
• While most time zones differ from
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) by
a number of full hours, there are also
a few time zones with both 30-
minute and 45-minute offsets.