MTH2 – ENGINEERING
CALCULUS 1
(Differential Calculus)
ENGR. FERLY ANN R. REVILLOZA, SO2, RCE
Linear Functions
The easiest type of function to consider is a linear function.
Linear functions have the form f(x)= ax + b, where a and b are
constants.
Linear Function:
y = f(x) = ax + b
Figure: These linear functions are
increasing or decreasing on
(-∞, ∞) and one function is a horizontal
line.
Slope
One of the distinguishing features of a line is its slope.
The slope is the change in y for each unit change in x. The
slope measures both the steepness and the direction of a line.
If the slope is positive, the line points upward when moving
from left to right. If the slope is negative, the line points
downward when moving from left to right.
Consider a line, L, passing through points (. Let Δy= and Δx= ,
denote the changes in y and x, respectively.
The slope of the line is
Note: Slope can be the derivative of a function.
Line Equation
Point Slope Form:
Slope Intercept Form:
Standard form of a line is:
Finding the Slope and Equations of Lines
Consider the line passing through the
points (11,−4)and (−4,5)as shown:
1. Find the slope of the line.
2. Find an equation for this linear function
in point-slope form.
3. Find an equation for this linear function
in slope-intercept form.
Finding the Slope and Equations of Lines
The line passes through (3, -3) (2, 4).
1.Find the slope of the line.
2.Find an equation for this linear function in point-slope
form.
3.Find the standard form of the line.
4.Determine the angle of inclination:
Finding the Equations of Lines
Find the equation of the line that passes through (4, -1).
A. Parallel to 2x-3y=9
b. Perpendicular to 2x-3y=9
Trigonometric Functions
DEGREES RADIANS
0 0
30
45
60
90
120
135
150
180
Trigonometric Functions
CARTESIAN COORDIANTE SYSTEM: Point (x, y)
POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM: Point (r, θ)
Let P=(x, y) be a point on the unit circle centered at the
origin O. Let θ be an angle with an initial side along the
positive x-axis and a terminal side given by the line segment OP.
The trigonometric functions are then defined as
Trigonometric Functions
CARTESIAN COORDIANTE SYSTEM: Point (x, y)
POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM: Point (r, θ)
Trigonometric Identities
SEAT WORK – OE #2
Conic Section
It is a figure formed by the intersection of a plane and a right
circular cone. Depending on the angle of the plane with respect to
the cone, a conic section may be a circle, an ellipse, a
parabola, or a hyperbola.
Conic Section
General Form
A + Bxy + C + Dx + Ey + F = 0 (Second-Degree
Equation)
Note: if B=0, the axis of the conic section is either parallel to x or to y-axis.
Variation of General Formula:
CIRCLE: A = C
PARABOLA: A = 0 OR C = 0 (EITHER OF THE TWO)
ELLIPSE: AC > 0
HYPERBOLA: AC < 0
CIRCLE
It is the set of points on a plane that are equidistant from a fixed
point on the plane. The fixed point is called the center, and the
distance from the center to any point of the circle is called the
radius.
EQUATION: (REMEMBERING DISTANCE FORMULA- All points are
equidistant to the center)
= - Standard Equation
A + C + Dx + Ey + F = 0 - General Equation
Eccentricity, e=0
PRACTICE:
Find an equation of a circle that is formed by three points (3, 0), (4, 2), and (0, 1).
Parabola
It is the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a
fixed point and a fixed line of the plane. The fixed point is called
the focus and the fixed line is called the directrix.
Standard Equation
General Equation
A + Dx + Ey + F = 0
Eccentricity, e=1
Note: (+) 4a > 0 upward
(-) 4a < 0 downward
PRACTICE:
Given the parabola, 2y = x^2 + 6x + 4, determine the following:
a. Vertex
b. Focus
c. Equation of directrix
d. Ends of latus rectum
e. Eccentricity
SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
1.What is the length of the line with a slope of 4/3 from a
point (6,4) to the y-axis?
2.What is the radius of the circle with the following.
Equation: -6x + – 4y – 12 =0
3.Find the area (in square units) of the circle whose
equation is + = 6x - 8y
4.A parabola has its focus at (7, 4) and directrix y=2. Find
its general equation.
QUIZ NO.1 – PERFORMANCCE TASK 1
1. Find the equation of the Line through point (3,1) and is perpendicular to
the line x+ 5y + 5 = 0.
2. A line passes thru (1, -3) and (4,-2). Write the equation of the line in
slope intercept form.
3. Give a parabola = What is the equation of the directrix?
4. What is the distance between the centers of the circle
+ + 2x + 4y - 3 = 0 and + 8x - 6y + 7= 0
5. What is the eccentricity of parabola?
Ellipse
It is the set of all points P in a plane whose sum of the distance
from two fixed points is constant and is equal to the length of the
major axis.
Standard Equation
General Equation
A + C+ Dx + Ey + F = 0
Ellipse
It is the set of all points P in a plane whose sum of the distance
from two fixed points is constant and is equal to the length of the
major axis.
Standard Equation
General Equation
A + C+ Dx + Ey + F = 0
Ellipse
PROPERTIES:
Center, C (h,k)
Eccentricity, e =c/a always
(e<1)
Second Eccentricity,
Latus Rectum =
Directrix, d = a/e
Area, A=(
Perimeter, P =(2 )
PRACTICE:
Given the ellipse 4x^2 + y^2 + 24x – 4y + 36 = 0
Determine the following:
a. Center
b. Vertices and co-vertices
c. Foci
d. Eccentricity
e. Distance from center to directrix
Hyperbola
It is the set of points in a plane such that the difference of the
distance of each point of the set from two fixed points (foci) in
the plane is constant.
PROPERTIES:
a – center to vertex
b – asymptote to axis of
focus
c – center to focus
Latus rectum, =
Hyperbola
Standard Equation
General Equation
A - C+ Dx + Ey + F = 0 (Where A and C is opposite sign)
Eccentricity, e=c/a always (e<1)
Directrix, d= a/e
Note:
- the denominator of the positive (+) second degree
variable.
=+
Hyperbola
Equation of the asymptote
Vertical Hyperbola
Note:
Conjugate axis – axis at the back of the vertices
Transverse axis – axis passing through the vertices
PRACTICE:
Given the equation of hyperbola,
Determine the following:
a. Center
b. Eccentricity
c. Asymptote Equation
d. Latus Rectum
