PRESENTED BY:

22011556-117
22011556-061
22011556-062
22011556-066
22011556-099

TOPIC:
“NETWORK BASICS”
NETWORK BASICS
 Use of network
 Network type
 Network structure
 Network topology
 Network protocols
 Network media
 Network hardware
 Network definition

• Set of technologies that connects computers using hardware software and media
• Allows communication and collaboration between users in real time
• New ways to communicate, such as e-mail and instant messaging
Use of network

 Simultaneous access to data

 Data files are shared
 Access can be limited
 Shared files stored on a server
 Software can be shared
 Site licenses(one copy purchase)
 Network versions(connect users' computers to a central network server)
 Application servers
 Use of network

 Shared peripheral device

 The ability to share peripheral devices (especially expensive ones such as printers , hard disk
e.t.c )
 Reduces the cost per user
 Devices can be connected to the network
 Print servers control network printing
Manage the print queue
 Use of network
 Personal communication
 Email
 Instantaneous communication
 Conferencing
 Tele conferencing
 Videoconferencing
 Audio-conferencing
 Data-conferencing
 Voice over IP(VoIP)
 Phone communication over network wires

 Easier data backup

 Backup copies data to removable media
 Server data backed up in one step(using special software)
Voice over IP
 Common type of a network
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 Contains printers, servers and computers
 Systems are close to each other
 Contained in one office or building
 Organizations often have several LANS
 physically connected using cables, or wireless media
 LAN is not a system that connects to the public
environment (such as the Internet) using phone or data lines
 Common type of a network

 Wide Area Networks (WAN)

 Two or more LANs connected
 Over a large geographic area
 Typically use public or leased lines
 In WAN with the telecommunication networks to gain access to the Internet’s backboon
Phone lines
Satellite
 The Internet is also WAN
 Hybrid Network Types
Between the LAN and WAN structures, we find hybrid networks such as CAN,MAN,HAN and PAN
 Home Area Network (HAN)
 Small scale network
 Connects computers and entertainment appliances
 Found mainly in the home
 (HAN) is a network that connect a person’s digital devices and their peripheral devices
 Hybrid Network Types
 Campus Area Networks (CAN)
 A LAN in one large geographic area
 Resources related to the same organization
 Each department shares the LAN
 With a CAN, different campus offices and organizations can be linked together
 Hybrid Network Types

 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

 large-scale network that connects multiple corporate LANs together
 MAN usually are not owned by a single organization
 Shares regional resources
 A network provider sells time
 Hybrid Network Types
 Personal Area Network (PAN)
 Very small scale network
 Range is less than 2 meters
 Cell phones, PDAs, MP3 players
Network structure
Networks con be categorized by the roles the servers and PCs play in terms of hierarchical and security
interaction.
 Server based network
 Node is any network device(PC)
 Servers control what the node accesses
 Users gain access by logging in
 Server is the most important computer
 Central computer is known as the file server, network server, application server; or just the
server
 Network structure
 Client/Server network
 One popular type is the client/server network
 Nodes and servers share data roles
 Nodes are called clients
 Servers are used to control access
special software for the nodes and the server
Database software
 Access to data controlled by server
 Advantage
 High security
 Easy management
 Accessibility

Disadvantages
 Maintenance difficulty
 High cost
 Network structure

 Peer to peer networks (P2PN)

 All nodes are equal
 Nodes access resources on other nodes
 Each node controls its own resources
 Most modern OS allow P2PN
 Distributing computing is a form
 Advantages
 Much easier to set up
 Does not need specialist knowledge

 Disadvantages
 Lack of robustness
 Spread of computer of virus
 Network topology
 Topology
• Logical layout of wires and equipment
• Choice affects
 Network performance
 Network size
 Network collision detection
o Several different types
 Network topology

 Packets
• Pieces of data transmitted over a network
 Packets are created by sending node
 Data is reassembled by receiving node
• Packet header
 First part of the packet, which contains information needed by the network
 Sending and receiving address
• Packet payload
 Number and size of data
 Actual data
• Packet error control
 Topology types
 Bus topology
 Also called linear bus
 One wire connects all nodes
 Terminator ends the wires
 Act as communication channel
 Advantages
 Easy to setup
 Small amount of wire
 Low cost

 Disadvantages
 No private message send
 Slow
 Easy to crash
 Topology types

 Star topology
 All nodes connect to a hub
 Most common topology
 Packets sent to hub
 Hub sends packet to destination
 Advantages
 Easy to setup
 One cable can not crash network

 Disadvantages
 Not send private message
 One hub crashing downs entire network
 Uses lots of cable
 If HUB fail all network fail
 Topology type
 Ring topology
 Nodes connected in a circle
 Tokens used to transmit data
 Nodes must wait for token to send
 Advantages
 Time to send data is known
 Strong network
 Both clock and anticlockwise data send
 No data collisions

 Disadvantages
 Slow
 Lots of cable
 Difficult to add new computer
 Not private message send
 Topology types
 Mesh topology
 All computers connected each other
 Internet is a mesh network
 Advantage
 Private message send
 Data will always be delivered

 Multiple data send and receive simultaneously

 Disadvantages
 Lots of cable
 Hard to setup
Network protocols

• Set of rules
• Nodes communicate when they have the token
o Types
 TCP/IP
 HTTP
 SMTP
 POP
 IMAP
 UDP
 PPP
Network media
• Links that connect nodes
o Two types
1. Wireless
2. wire media
 Choice impacts
 Speed
 Security
 Size
 Wire Based Media
 Twisted-pair cabling
 Most common LAN cable
 Called Cat5 or 100BaseT
 Four pairs of copper cable twisted
 May be shielded from interference
 Speeds range from
1 Mbps to 1,000 Mbps
 Type UTP and STP
 Wire Based Media

 Coaxial cable

 Similar to cable TV wire

 Two conductor
 One wire runs through cable
 Shielded from interference
 Speeds up to 10 Mbps
 Nearly obsolete
 Wire Based Media

 Fiber-optic cable
 Data is transmitted using light wave
 Glass strand instead of cable
 Immune to interference
 Very secure
 Hard to work with
 Speeds up to
100 Gbps
 Wireless Media
• Data transmitted through the air
• Data transmit in air in the form of radio wave microwave laser and infrared
• LANs use radio waves
• WANs use microwave signals
• Infrared use TV remote
• Easy to setup
• Difficult to secure
 Network hardware
• Network linking device
• Connect nodes in the network
• Cable runs from node to device
• Crossover cable connects two computers
 Network hardware

 Hubs
 Center of a star network
 All nodes receive transmitted packets
 Slow and insecure
 Network hardware
 Switches
 Replacement for hubs
 Only intended node receives transmission
 Fast and secure
 Network hardware

 Bridge
 Connects two or more LANs together
 Packets sent to remote LAN cross
 Other packets do not cross
 Segments the network on MAC addresses
 Network hardware
 Router
 Decide path of data
 Connects two or more LANs together
 Packets sent to remote LAN cross
 Network is segmented by IP address
 Connect internal networks to the Internet
 Need configured before installation
 Network hardware

 Gateway
 Connects two dissimilar networks
 Connects coax to twisted pair
 Most gateways contained in other devices
 Network Cabling

 Cabling specifications
 Bandwidth measures cable speed
 Typically measured in Mbps
 Maximum cable length
 Connector describes the type of plug
 Network Cabling
 TCP/IP
 TCP/IP is the protocol of the Internet and is required on any computer that must communicate
across the Internet.
 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
 Most popular protocol
 Machines assigned a name of 4 numbers
IP address
209.8.166.179 is the White House’s web site
 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Simplifies assignment of IP addresses
 Required for Internet access
 Network Cabling

• Ethernet
 Very popular cabling technology
 Ethernet used coaxial cable and were called IODase-5 and 10Basc-2
 10 Base T(Twisted Pair, Star topology), 10Base2, 10Base5(coaxial)
 Maximum bandwidth 10 Mbps
 Maximum distances100 to 500 meters