Mechanics of Machines
Mechanical Vibration
Module 6:
Dr. Awani Bhushan
SMEC Chennai Campus
2023/4/11 1
Mechanical vibration:
Class Objective1: What is vibration ?
Class Objective2: Why vibration?
Class objective3: Free vibration
Vibration:
Vibrations are the oscillations of a structural system about the equilibrium
position.
Vibration system involves transfer of PE to KE, and KE to PE.
It is also an everyday phenomenon we meet on
everyday life
Vibration:
Vibration definition:
Mechanical vibration is the motion of a particle or body which oscillates about
a position of equilibrium. Most vibrations in machines and structures are
undesirable due to increased stresses and energy losses.
Time interval required for a system to complete a full cycle of the motion is
the period of the vibration.
Number of cycles per unit time defines the frequency of the vibration.
Maximum displacement of the system from the equilibrium position is the
amplitude of the vibration.
Vibration definition:
Free (or natural) vibrations: A vibration in which after the initial
displacement, no external forces act and the motion is maintained by the
internal elastic forces, is termed as free or natural vibration
Forced vibration: These type of vibrations are caused when a periodic
disturbing force is continuously applied to the body. The vibrations then has
the same frequency as the applied force.
Damping: It is the resistance to the motion of a vibrating body.
Natural frequency: It is the frequency of free vibrations of a body vibrating of
its own without the help of an external agency.
Vibration definition:
Resonance: When the frequency of external excitation is equal to the natural
frequency of a vibrating body.
Degrees of freedom: The minimum number of independent coordinates
required to specify the motion of a system.
Types of vibrations:
Longitudinal vibrations
Transverse vibrations
Torsional vibrations
A vibrating system :
1. KE storing device (mass) or Inertial elements
2. PE storing device (spring) or Restoring elements
3. Friction (damper) or Damping elements
4. Unbalance force
Free vibration system Damped vibration system Forced damped vibration system
Free vibration system:
Free vibration system:
Free vibration system:
Free vibration system:
Equivalent Stiffness of Springs:
Springs in series: Springs in parallel:
Problem1:
Determine the equivalent spring stiffness and natural frequency of the following
vibrating systems when
(a) Mass is suspended to a spring
(b) Mass is suspended at the bottom of the two springs in series.
(c) Mass fixed in between two springs
(d) Mass is fixed to the midpoint of a spring
Continued:
(a) Mass is suspended to a spring
(b) Mass is suspended at the bottom of the two springs in series.
Continued:
(c) Mass fixed in between two springs
(d) Mass is fixed to the midpoint of a spring
Damped vibration system:
For critical damping, the term under the square root is zero
Continued:
For critical damping, the term under the square root is zero, the damping coefficient is called the
critical damping coefficient, Cc.
Continued:
Over damped system ( )
Criticality damped system ( )
Under damped system ( )
Continued:
Continued:
Continued:
Comparison:
Logarithmic Decrement
Problem 1:
Problem 2:
Problem 3:
Problem 4:
The measurements on a mechanical vibrating system show that it has a mass of 8 kg and that the
springs can be combined to give an equivalent spring of stiffness 5.4 N/mm. If the vibrating system have
a dashpot attached which exerts a force of 40 N when the mass has a velocity of 1 m/s, find : 1. critical
damping coefficient, 2. damping factor, 3. logarithmic decrement, and 4. ratio of two consecutive
amplitudes.
1. critical damping coefficient :
2. damping factor :
3. logarithmic decrement :
4. ratio of two consecutive amplitudes.
Forced damped Vibrations:
Continued:
Continued:
