Mathematics

Language and
Symbols
“The laws of nature
are written in the
language of
mathematics.”

- Galileo Galilei
 ENGLISH vs
MATHEMATICS
ENGLISH

NOUN
SENTENCE
(name given to object of
(must state a complete thought)
interest)

SOMETIMES
PLACE THING TRUE (T) FALSE (F) TRUE/
PERSON
SOMETIMES
FALSE (ST/SF)
 ENGLISH vs
MATHEMATICS
MATHEMATICS

EXPRESSION
SENTENCE
(name given to mathematical
MATRIX (must state a complete thought)
object of interest)

SOMETIMES
SET FUNCTION TRUE (T) FALSE (F) TRUE/
NUMBER
SOMETIMES
FALSE (ST/SF)
Importance of Language
 To understand the expressed ideas
 To communicate ideas to others

Characteristics of the Mathematics Language

 Precise (able to make very fine distinctions

or definitions)
 Concise (able to say things briefly)
 Powerful (able to express complex thoughts
with relative ease)
The sum of any two real numbers
is also a real number.

a, b  , a  b  
English Language to Mathematics Language

 Noun to mathematical expressions

Example: x + 5; sin x; log x
 Sentence to mathematical sentence
Example: 2x + y = 6

The Grammar of Mathematics

 Structuralrules governing the use of
symbols representing mathematical objects.
Difficulties
 The word “is” could mean equality,
inequality, or membership in a set
 Different use of a number (cardinal,
ordinal, nominal, ratio)
 Mathematical objects may be represented
in many ways such as sets and functions.
 The words “and” and “or” mean differently
in mathematics from its English use.
Mathematics is a symbolic
language. Some symbols are
listed below:
 the sum of  if and only if
 there exists  set of real number

 for every (for any)  set of natural number

 element of (or member of)  set of integers

 not an element of (or not member Q set of rational numbers

of)
  infinity
Set
  and
subset of
  or
if…, then
 Truth Sentences
 Mathematical sentences may either be true
or false but not both.
 Example: Write as English sentences and determine
whether they are true or false.
1. x  , x 2 0
2. x, y  , x  y   x  2 xy  y
2 2 2

3. m, n  , m  n m  n
4. a, b  Q, ab 0  a 0  b 0
Answers:
1. For any real number x, its square is greater than or
equal to0. 2
x  , x 0
TRUE
2. For any real numbers x and y, the square of their
sum is equal to the sum of their squares plus twice
x, y  , x  y   x  2 xy  y
their product. 2 2 2

TRUE
3. There exist integers m and n such that m minus n is
less thanor
m, nequal
 , m to
 nm
mplus
 n n.
TRUE
4. For any rational numbers a and b, if their product is
zero thenaeither
, b  Q,aaborb0  a 0 0.b 0
equals
Translation of Mathematical Phrases
to Verbal Phrases and Vice Versa
 Translate each verbal phrase into a mathematical phrase:
1. Twice a number x added to n.
2. A number n increased by 5.
3. A number y multiplied by 7.
4. Twice a number a multiplied by three.
 Translate each mathematical phrase into a verbal
phrase:
1. 5x – 4
2. 3(x x+ 6)
3. y +2
Unary and Binary Operations
 unary operations accepts only one value or
operand.
 binary operation can act on two operands.
unary negative sign operator

3   2
binary subtraction operator
Properties of
Two Binary
Operations
I. Closure of Binary Operations
 the product and the sum of any two real numbers is also a
real number. In symbols:

x, y  , x  y   and x • y 

Example:
1+2=3 (addition) and
2•3=6 (multiplication)
 II. Commutativity of Binary
Operations
addition and multiplication of any two real numbers is commutative as
seen in the mathematical symbols these are written in:

x, y  , x  y  y  x (addition)

x, y  , x • y  y • x (multiplication)

Example:
1+2=2+1 (addition) and
2•3=3 •2 (multiplication)
 III. Associativity of Binary
Operations
Given any real numbers you may take any two and perform addition or
multiplication as the case maybe and you will end with the same answer.
For addition in symbols we write:

x, y, z  , ( x  y )  z  x  ( y  z )
On the other hand, for multiplication, we write:

x, y, z  , ( x • y ) • z  x • ( y • z )
Example:
(1+2)+3=1+(2+3) (addition) and
(2•3) • 4=2 • (3•4) (multiplication)
 IV. Distributativity of Binary
Operations
 Distributativity applies when multiplication is performed
on a group of two numbers added or subtracted
together. Given three real numbers x, y, and z, this
property is stated in symbolic notation as:
x, y, z  , z ( x  y )  zx zy

 The term z is distributed over the sum (x+y). Note

however, that addition is not distributive nor
multiplication.
V. Identity Elements of Binary Operations
 An element of the set of real numbers is an identity element for
addition if,

x  , x  e e  x  x
 This means that the identity is a number that you add to any real
number and the result will the same real number. The only
number that satisfies this property is the number zero for addition.
Ex. 5+0 = 0+5 = 5
 Obviously, the identity for multiplication is 1 since x•1=1•x=x for
any real number x. Ex. 4•1 = 1•4 = 4
VI. Inverse of Binary Operations
 The negative number (-x) added to any positive real number.

x  , x  ( x)  x  x 0
 Meanwhile, for multiplication we have the familiar

1 1
x •     • x 1
 x  x
 1
In which case the inverse of x under multiplication is   , x 0.
 x
Logic
Logic
Allows
us to determine the validity of
arguments in and out of mathematics.

Illustrates
the importance of precision
and conciseness of the language of
mathematics.
Statement or Proposition
 Must express a complete thought.
A declarative sentence or statement that is
either true or false but not both.

Determine whether proposition or not

• All multiples of 5 are odd numbers.
• x is a real number.
• 9 is a prime number.
• 5+3=8.
Determine whether each sentence is a
statement.

a. Florida is a state in the United

States.
b. How are you?
c. + 2 is a prime number.
d. x + 1 = 5.
Answer:
a. Florida is one of the 50 states in the United States,
so this sentence is true and it is a statement.
b. The sentence “How are you?” is a question; it is not
a declarative sentence. Thus it is not a statement.
c. You may not know whether + 2 is a prime number;
however, you do know that it is a whole number larger
than 1, so it is either a prime number or it is not a
prime number. The sentence is either true or it is false,
and it is not both true and false, so it is a statement.
d. x + 1 = 5 is a statement. It is known as an open
statement. It is true for x = 4, and it is false for any
other values of x. For any given value of x, it is true or
false but not both.
The Truth Table
A truth table is a table that shows the truth value of a
compound statement for all possible truth values of its
simple statements.
Negation
 A statement is a negation of another if the word is not
introduced in a negative statement. Let P be a
proposition. The negation of P is “not P” or  P.
 The following is its truth table:
P P
T F
F T
Example: What is the negation of
the following statements?

1. P: 2 is a rational number.
2. R: 6 is an odd number.

Answers:
2 2
1. is not a rational number or is an irrational
number.
2. 6 is not an odd number or 6 is an even
number.
 Logical
Connectives
Conjunctions
If two statements are joined like P and Q, denoted by ,
then is a statement that is true if and only if both P and
Q are true. Another logical connective is the word “or”.
The statement is true if and only if P is true or Q is
true, which is taken to include the case when they are
both true..
P Q
F F F F
F T F T
T F F T
T T T T
Conjunction P and Q True if and only if P and Q
are both true
Disjunction P or Q True if and only if P is true
or Q is true or both are
true
Implication P implies Q True under all
If P then Q circumstances except
Q if P when P is true and Q is
P only if Q false.
Bi-conditional P if and only if Q True if and only if P and Q
are both true or both false
Write the symbolic form using P, Q and R
for statements and symbols , , ,  , 
where:
P: Pres. Duterte is a good president.
Q: Government officials are corrupt.
R: People are happy.
Answers
a. If president Duterte is a good president, government officials are not P  Q
corrupt.
b. if government officials are not corrupt, then the people are happy. Q  R
c. If Pres. Duterte is a good president and people are happy, then
government officials are not corrupt. P  R  Q
d. Pres. Duterte is not a good president if and only if government officials
are corrupt and the people are not happy.  P  Q   R 
Converse, Inverse, Contrapositive
 Suppose P and Q are propositions. Given the implication
P  Q. Its converse is Q  P, its inverse is  P   Q , and its
contrapositive is  Q   P.
That is,
Given: If P then Q.
Inverse: If not P then not Q.
Converse: If Q then P.
Contrapositive: If not Q then not P.
To determine the conditional statement is true or false,
we come up with following truth table.

P Q Inverse Converse Contrapositive

P  Q Q P Q  P
F F T T T T
F T T F F T
T F F T T F
T T T T T T
Example:
 Give the inverse, converse and contrapositive of the
following implications:
a. If this movie is interesting, then I am watching it.
b. If p is a prime number, then it is odd.

Answers:
a) Inverse: If this movie is not interesting, then I am not watching it.
Converse: If I am watching this movie, then it is interesting.
Contrapositive: if I am not watching this movie, then it is not
interesting.
b) Inverse: if p is not prime, then it is not odd.
Converse: if p is an odd number, then it is prime.
Contrapositive: if p is not odd, then it is not a prime number.
 Example:
 Identify three simple propositions in the
statement below and label them P, Q, and R.
Then express the statement symbolically using
 , logical
the , , operators
, .
Statement: A function f has an inverse if and only if f is
one-to-one and onto.
Solution:
Let P: A function f has an inverse.
Q: f is one-to-one. In Mathematical symbols:

R: f is onto P  Q  R 
Quantification
 Universal Quantification
 “For all” or “For every”
 Symbol: "for every object x in the universe, x > 1", which
 Example:is expressed as " x, x > 1"

 Existential Quantification
 “There exists” or “For some”
 Symbol:
 Example: “there exists an object x in the universe, x > 1",
which is expressed as "x, x > 1"
Write the Negation of a Quantified
Statement
 Write
the negation of each of the following
statements.
a. Some airports are open.
b. All movies are worth the price of admission.
c. No odd numbers are divisible by 2.
Answers
a. No airports are open.
b. Some movies are not worth the price of
admission.
c. Some odd numbers are divisible by 2.
Write the Negation of a
Quantified Statement
 Write the negation of the following statements.
a. All bears are brown.
b. No smartphones are expensive.
c. Some vegetables are not green.
Answers
a. Some bears are not brown.
b. Some smartphones are expensive.
c. All vegetables are green.
THANK YOU!
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