Transmission of Digital DATA : Interfaces and Modems
Kyung Hee University
Transmission of Digital Data: Interfaces and MODEMs
6.1 Digital Data Transmission 6.2 DTE-DCE Interface 6.3 Other Interface Standards 6.4 MODEM
Kyung Hee University
6.1 Digital Data Transmission
t Primary concern when considering the transmission of data from one device to another is the wiring
Kyung Hee University
Digital Data Transmission(contd)
t Parallel Transmission By grouping, we can send data n bits at a time instead of one
speed expansive
Kyung Hee University
Digital Data Transmission(contd)
t Parallel transmission
Kyung Hee University
Digital Data Transmission(contd)
t Serial Transmission
one bit follows another
channel, require interface converter
Kyung Hee University
Digital Data Transmission(contd)
t Serial Transmission
Kyung Hee University
Digital Data Transmission(contd)
t Asynchronous Transmission
send one start bit(0) at the beginning and one or more stop bits(1) at the end of each byte
eg) the connection of a terminal to a computer cheap and effective
Kyung Hee University
Asynchronous here means asynchronous at the byte level, but the bits are still synchronized; their durations are the same.
Kyung Hee University
Digital Data Transmission
t synchronous transmission
Sending bits one after another without start/stop bits or gaps. It is the responsibility of the receiver to group the bits The receiver counts the bits as they arrive and groups them in eight-bit units
t : (speed)
Kyung Hee University
10
6.2 DTE-DCE Interface
t DTE(Data Terminal equipment) t DCE(Data Circuit-terminating Equipment)
Kyung Hee University
11
DTE-DCE Interface(contd)
t DTE(Data Terminal Equipment)
~ is any device that is a source of destination for binary digital data terminal microcomputer computer printer fax machine and so on
Kyung Hee University
12
DTE-DCE Interface(contd) t DCE (Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment)
~
is any device (functional unit) that transmits or receives data in the form of an analog or digital signal through a network
Modulator/demodulator
Kyung Hee University
13
DTE-DCE Interface(contd)
t Standards
defining the connection between a DTE and DCE
Kyung Hee University
14
DTE-DCE Interface(contd)
t Standards
EIA (Electronic Industries Association)
q q q
EIA-232 EIA-442 EIA-449 V series X series
ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Sector)
q q
Kyung Hee University
15
DTE-DCE Interface(contd)
t EIA-232(RS-232)
defining the mechanical, electrical and functional characteristics
t mechanical
defining the interface as a 25-wire cable with a male (plug) and a female (receptacle) DB-25 pin connector length may not exceed 15m(50 feet)
t electrical specification
define voltage levels and the type of signal(NRZ-L)
Kyung Hee University
16
DTE-DCE Interface(contd)
t sending the data
To be recognized as data, the amplitude of a signal must fall between 3 and 15 volts or between 3 and 15 volts
Kyung Hee University
17
DTE-DCE Interface(contd)
t control and timing
Only 4 wires out of 25 available in an EIA-232 interface are used for data functions Signals must be sent using OFF less than 3 volts and ON greater than +3 volts
Kyung Hee University
18
DTE-DCE Interface(contd)
t Functional Specification
Kyung Hee University
19
DTE-DCE Interface(contd)
t synchronous full-duplex transmission
Kyung Hee University
20
DTE-DCE Interface(contd)
Kyung Hee University
21
DTE-DCE Interface(contd)
t Null Modem
not needed to connect two compatible digital devices directly
t Using regular data pin connections with and without DCEs
Kyung Hee University
22
DTE-DCE Interface(contd)
t Crossing Connections t Null modem pin connection
Kyung Hee University
23
6.3 Other Interface Standards
t needs more speed and/or distance
EIA-449 EIA-530 X.21
Kyung Hee University
24
Other Interface Standards(contd)
t EIA-449
DB-37 pin DB-9 pin
t DB-37 and DB-9 connections
Kyung Hee University
25
Other Interface Standards(contd)
t Pin Functions
category I pins
~ are compatible with those of EIA-232
category II pins
~ have no equivalent in EIA-232
Kyung Hee University
26
Other Interface Standards(contd)
t DB-37 pins Pin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Functions
Shield Signal rate indicator Unassigned Send data Send timing Receive data Request to send Receive timing Clear to send Local loopback Data mode Terminal ready Receive ready Remote loopback Incoming call Select frequency Terminal timing Test mode Signal ground
Category
I I I I I I II I I I II II I II
Pin
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Functions
Receive Common Unassigned Send data Send timing Receive data Request to send Receive timing Clear to send Terminal in service Data mode Terminal ready Receive ready Select ready Signal quality New signal Terminal timing Standby indicator Send common
Category
II I I I I I I I II I I I II II I II II
Kyung Hee University
27
Other Interface Standards(contd)
t DB-9 pins
Pin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Kyung Hee University
Function Shield Secondary receive ready Secondary send data Secondary receive data Signal ground Receive common Secondary request to send Secondary clear to send Send common
EIA-232 Equivalent
1 14 16 7 12 19 13
28
Other Interface Standards(contd)
t Electrical specification : RS-423 and RS-422
EIA-449 uses two other standards to define its electrical specification
RS-423 (unbalanced circuits)
RS-422 (balanced circuits)
Kyung Hee University
29
Other Interface Standards(contd)
t RS-423 : Unbalanced Mode
Kyung Hee University
30
Other Interface Standards(contd)
t RS-422 : Balanced Mode
Kyung Hee University
31
Other Interface Standards(contd)
t Canceling of noise using balanced mode
Kyung Hee University
32
Other Interface Standards(contd)
t EIA-530
is a new version of EIA-449 that uses DB-25 pins
Kyung Hee University
33
Other Interface Standards(contd)
t X.21
~ is an interface designed by the ITU-T to address many of the problems
existing in the EIA eliminating most of the control circuits of the EIA standards
DB-15 connector
Byte timing (pins 7 and 14) : byte synchronization Control and indication
Pin 3 : equivalent of request to send Pin 5 : equivalent of clear to send
Kyung Hee University
34
Other Interface Standards
t DB-15 pins
Pin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Function Shield Transmit data or control Control Receive data or control Indication Signal element timing Bye timing Signal ground
Kyung Hee University
Pin 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Function Transmit data or control Control Receive data or control Indication Signal element timing Byte timing Reserved
35
6.4 MODEMs
t the most familiar type of DCE
Kyung Hee University
36
MODEMs(contd)
t MODEM
stands for modulator/demodulator
Modulator : converts a digital signal to an analog signal
q
using the digital-to-analog mechanism of ASK, FSK, PSK, and QAM
Demodulator : converts an analog signal to a digital signal
Kyung Hee University
37
MODEMs(contd) t Transmission Rate
Bandwidth
q
Each line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequencies of the signals it can carry. This limited range is called the bandwidth
Kyung Hee University
38
MODEMs(contd)
t Telephone line bandwidth
Used for voice
Used for data
A telephone line has bandwidth of almost 3000 Hz
Kyung Hee University
39
MODEMs(contd)
t Modem speed
The bandwidth required for ASK transmission is equal to baud rate of signal in half-duplex ASK, because the effective bandwidth of a telephone line is 2400Hz, the maximum bit rate is also 2400.
Kyung Hee University
40
MODEMs(contd)
t Baud rate in full-duplex ASK
Although ASK has a good bit rate, it is not used today because of noise
Kyung Hee University
41
MODEMs(contd)
t FSK(Frequency Shift Keying)
Baud rate in half-duplex FSK
Baud rate in full-duplex FSK
Kyung Hee University
42
MODEMs(contd)
t PSK and QAM Theoretical bit rates for modems
Encoding
ASK, FSK, 2-PSK 4-PSK, 4-QAM 8-PSK, 8-QAM 16-QAM 32-QAM 64-QAM 128-QAM 256-QAM
Kyung Hee University
Half-Duplex
2400 4800 7200 9600 12,000 14,400 16,800 19,200
Full-Duplex
1200 2400 3600 4800 6000 7200 8400 9600
43
MODEMs(contd)
t Modem Standards
Bell modem
q
The first commercial modems in the early 1970s
ITU-T modem
Kyung Hee University
44
MODEMs(contd)
t Bell Modems(contd)
For flow control or error control
Kyung Hee University
45
MODEMs(contd)
t Bell Modems
212 --> 201 : Same technology, data rate double
Kyung Hee University
46
MODEMs(contd)
t ITU-T Modem Standards(contd)
Kyung Hee University
47
MODEMs(contd)
t ITU-T Modem Standards
Kyung Hee University
48
MODEMs(contd)
t ITU-T/Bell Compatibility
ITU-T V.21 V.22 V.23 V.26 V.27 V.29
Bell 103 212 202 201 208 209
Baud Rate 300 600 1200 1200 1600 2400
Bit Rate 300 1200 1200 2400 4800 9600
Modulation FSK 4-PSK FSK 4-PSK 8-PSK 16-QAM
Kyung Hee University
49
MODEMs(contd)
t Intelligent Modems
~ contain software to support a number of additional function,
such as automatic answering and dialing
AT Command[parameter] command[parameter] Ex) ATDT4088648902
Kyung Hee University
50
MODEMs(contd)
t AT commands
Command A B D E H L P T
Kyung Hee University
Meaning Put modem in answer mode Use V.22bis at 1200 bps Dial the number Enable/disable echo printing Put modem on/off hook Adjust speaker volume Use pulse dialing Use tone dialing
Parameters
The number to dial 0 or 1 0 or 1 n
51
