Basic Concepts

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Basic Concepts
t Five general concepts provide the basis for the relationship between the communicating devices. Line configuration Topology Transmission mode Categories of Networks Internetworks

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2.1 Line configuration

~ refers to the way two or more communication devices attach

to a link
~ defines the attachment of communication devices to a link

Line configuration Line configuration

Point-to-point Point-to-point

Multipiont Multipiont

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Line configuration (contd)

t Point-to-point
~ provides a dedicated link between two devices.

t Multipoint (multidrop)
~ is

configuration in which more than two specific devices share a single link

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Line configuration (contd)

t Point-to-point

Link

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Line configuration (contd)

t Point-to-point

Link

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Line configuration (contd)

t Point-to-point

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Line configuration (contd)

t Multipoint

Link

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Topology
~ refers

to the way a network is laid out, either physically or logically

~ defines the physical or logical arrangement of link in a network t A consideration when choosing a topology is the relative status of the devices to be linked.
peer-to-peer : the devices share the link equally(ring, mesh) primary-secondary : one device controls traffic and the others must transmit through it (star, tree)
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Categories of topology

Topology Topology

Mesh Mesh
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Star Star

Tree Tree

Bus Bus

Ring Ring

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Mesh
t Every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device.

t A fully connected mesh network therefore has n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices.

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contd
t Mesh topology

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Mesh (contd)
t Advantages The use of dedicated links guarantees that each connection can carry its data load. Mesh topology is robust. Privacy and security. Point-to-point links make fault identification and fault isolation easy.
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contd
t Disadvantages
~ are related to the amount of cabling and the number of I/O ports because every device must be connected to every other device, installation and reconfiguration are difficult the sheer bulk of the wiring can be greater than the available space(in walls, ceiling, or floors) can accommodate the hardware required to connect each link (I/O port and cable) can be prohibitively expensive

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Star
t Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller, usually called a hub

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Star (contd)
t Star topology

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Star (contd)
t Advantage Each device needs only one link and one I/O port to connect it to any number of others (easy to install and reconfigure) Robustness
q

if one link fails, only that link is affected

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Tree
t is a variation of a star active hub(central hub) ~ contains a repeater, which is a hardware device that generates the received bit patterns before sending them out passive hub ~ provides a simple physical connection between the attached devices

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Tree (contd)
t Tree topology

Hub

Hub

Hub

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Tree (contd)
t Advantage & Disadvantage are generally the same as those of a star

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Bus
t is multipoint. One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in the network t Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps
drop line ~ is a connection running between the device and the main cable tap ~ is a connector either splices into the main cable or punctures the sheathing of a cable to create a contact with the metallic core

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Bus (contd)
t Bus topology

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Bus (contd)
t Advantages ~ include ease of installation t Disadvantages ~ include difficult reconfiguration and fault isolation

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Ring
t Each device has a dedicated point-to-point line configuration only with the two devices on either side of it t Advantage
~ is relatively easy to install and reconfigure

~ fault isolation is simplified

t Disadvantage
unidirectional traffic
q

break in the ring can disable the entire network --> needs dual ring

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Ring (contd)
t Ring topology

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Hybrid topology

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2.3 Transmission mode

~ is used to define the direction of signal flow between two link devices t Simplex is unidirectional, as on a one-way street (keyboard, monitor) t Half-Duplex each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time t Full-Duplex both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously
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Transmission Mode (contd)

Transmission modes Transmission modes

Simplex Simplex
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Half-duplex Full-duplex Half-duplex Full-duplex

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Transmission Mode (contd)

t Simplex

Direction of data

Mainframe

Monitor

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Transmission Mode (contd)

t Half-Duplex

Direction of data at time 1

Workstation

Direction of data at time 2

Workstation

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Transmission Mode (contd)

t Full-Duplex

Direction of data at all the time

Workstation

Workstation

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2.4 Categories of Networks

t three primary categories
LAN MAN WAN

t size, ownership, distance it cover, physical architecture

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Categories of Networks (contd)

Network Network

Local area networks Local area networks (LAN) (LAN)

Metropolitan area network Metropolitan area network (MAN) (MAN)

Wide area network Wide area network (WAN) (WAN)

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Categories of Networks (contd)

t LAN(Local Area Networks) ~ is usually privately owned and links the devices in a single office, building or campus

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Categories of Networks (contd)

t Single building LAN

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Categories of Networks (contd)

t Multiple building LAN

Backbone

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Categories of Networks (contd)

t MAN(Metropolitan Area Networks) ~ is designed to extend over an entire city

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Categories of Networks (contd)

t MAN

Public city network

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Categories of Networks (contd)

t WAN(Wide Area networks) ~ provides long-distance transmission of data, voice, image, and video information over large geographical areas that may comprise a country, a continent, or even the whole world

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Categories of Networks (contd)

t WAN

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2.5 Internetworks
~ is an interconnection of networks by the use of internetworking device(router and gateway) t cf. internet: an interconnection of networks Internet: a specific worldwide network

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Internetworks (contd)
t Internetwork (internet)

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