Nomenclature

Nomenclature of
of
Inorganic
Inorganic Compounds
Compounds

1
 Chapter Outline
6.1 Common and Systematic 6.4 Binary Compounds
Names
6.5 Naming Compounds
6.2 Elements and Ions Containing Polyatomic Ions
6.3 Writing Formulas from 6.6 Acids
Names of Compounds

2
 Common and
Systematic Names

3
Chemical nomenclature is the system
of names that chemists use to identify
compounds. Two classes of names
exist: common names and systematic
names.

4
• Common names are arbitrary names.

– They are not based on the

composition of the compound.
– They are based on an outstanding
chemical or physical property.
• Chemists prefer systematic names.
– Systematic names precisely identify
the chemical composition of the
compound.
– The present system of inorganic
chemical nomenclature was devised
by the International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
5
6
Elements and Ions

7
The formula for most elements
is the symbol of the element.
Sodium Na
Potassium K
Zinc Zn
Argon Ar
Mercury Hg
Lead Pb
Calcium Ca
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 These 7 elements are found
in nature as diatomic molecules.
Hydrogen H2
Nitrogen N2
Oxygen O2
Fluorine F2
Chlorine Cl2
Bromine Br2
Iodine I2
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Two elements are commonly polyatomic.
Sulfur S8
Phosphorous P4

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Ions

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A charged particle known as an ion
canIfbe
one or morebyelectrons
produced adding orare removed
from a one
removing neutral atom
or more a positive
electrons fromion is
formed.
a neutral A positive ion is called a
atom.
cation.

remove e-

→
neutral atom
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 Positive Ion Formation:
Loss of Electrons From a Neutral Atom

Na  Na+ + e-

Ca  Ca2+ + 2e-

Al  Al3+ + 3e-

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Naming Cations

14
Cations are named the same
as their parent atoms

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 Atom sodium (Na)

Cation Na+

Name of
sodium ion
Cation 16
 Atom calcium (Ca)

Cation Ca2+

Name of
calcium ion
Cation 17
 Atom lithium (Li)

Cation Li+

Name of
lithium ion
Cation 18
 Atom magnesium (Mg)

Cation Mg2+

Name of
magnesium ion
Cation 19
 Atom strontium (Sr)

Cation Sr2+

Name of
strontium ion
Cation 20
A
If charged
one or particle
more known as an ionare
electrons
can be produced by adding
added to a neutral atom a or
removing one or more electrons from
negative ion is formed. A
a neutral atom.
negative ion is called an anion.

add e-

neutral atom
→
21
Naming Anions

22
An anion consisting of one element has
the stem of the parent element and an –
ide ending

23
 Atom fluorine (F)

Anion F-

stem
Name of
fluoride ion
Anion 24
 Atom chlorine (Cl)

Anion Cl-

stem
Name of
chloride ion
Anion 25
 Atom bromine (Br)

Anion Br-

stem
Name of
bromide ion
Anion 26
 Atom nitrogen (N)

Anion N3-

stem
Name of
nitride ion
Anion 27
 Atom phosphorous (P)

Anion P3-

stem
Name of
phosphide ion
Anion 28
 Atom oxygen (O)

Anion O2-

stem
Name of
oxide ion
Anion 29
Ions are always formed by adding or
removing electrons from an atom.

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Most often ions are formed when metals
combine with nonmetals.

31
The charge on an ion can be predicted
from its position in the periodic table.

32
 elements of elements
elements of of of
elements
elements of Group
a Group
Group IIA haveGroup VA VIA have
Group
have VIIA a
a have a
IA have a +1 charge -2 charge
+2 charge -3 charge -1 charge

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Writing Formulas From
Names of Compounds

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A chemical formula is a shorthand way
of writing the name of a compound.
It is composed of the symbols of the
elements and the number of atoms each
element is present in the compound.
The number of atoms of an element is
written as a subscript.

35
Guidelines in writing the formulas of
inorganic compounds:
1. Represent by symbols the fragments of the
compound in the sequence that they occur in the
given name. In most cases, the positive fragment
(cation) comes first before the negative fragment
(anion). Enclose the radicals in parenthesis. A
radical is a group of elements that behaves as a
unit with a charge that can either be a positive or
negative. Refer to the list of common ions and their
charges.

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Example:

Sodium chloride Na+ Cl-

Aluminum oxide Al+3 O-2
Plumbic carbonate Pb+4 (CO3)-2
Calcium sulfate Ca+2 (SO4)-2

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Guidelines in writing the formulas of
inorganic compounds:

2. Cross indicate (crisscross) the charge as

subscript (exclude the signs). In cases where
the sum of the positive and negative charges
is equal to zero, cross indication is not
necessary.

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Example:

Sodium chloride Na+ Cl- NaCl

Aluminum oxide Al+3 O-2 Al2O3
Plumbic carbonate Pb+4 (CO3)-2 Pb2(CO3)4
Calcium sulfate Ca+2 (SO4)-2 CaSO4

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Guidelines in writing the formulas of
inorganic compounds:
3. Observe the following:
•In the final form, omit writing “1” if it is the
subscript.
•Reduce the subscript derived from cross
indication into the smallest whole number.
However, do not change the subscripts which
appear in the radical(s).
•Eliminate the parenthesis of the radicals
when the subscript is “1”. 40
Example:

Mg+2 Cl- --- Mg1Cl2 --- MgCl2

Pb+4 (CO3)-2 --- Pb2(CO3)4 --- Pb(CO3)2

Na+1 (S2O3)-2 --- Na2(S2O3)1 --- Na2S2O3

41
Guidelines in writing the formulas of
inorganic compounds:
4. In some cases, two nonmetallic elements
combine to form more than one kind of
compounds. Examples of nonmetallic elements
are carbon, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine,
etc. These compounds are named with different
prefixes to designate the number of atoms of
one element that combine. If the prefix ends in
a or o and the word that follows starts with a or
o, drop the last vowel of the prefix.
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Prefixes

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A Greek prefix is placed before the name
of each element to indicate the number
of atoms of the element that are present.

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Mono is rarely used when
naming the first element.

• mono = 1 • hexa = 6
• di = 2 • hepta = 7
• tri = 3 • octa = 8
• tetra = 4 • nona = 9
• penta = 5 • deca = 10

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Examples

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 dinitrogen trioxide
N 2O 3
indicates two indicates three
nitrogen atoms oxygen atoms

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 phosphorous pentachloride
PCl5
indicates one indicates five
phosphorous atom chlorine atoms

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 dichlorine heptoxide
Cl2O7
indicates two indicates seven
chlorine atoms oxygen atoms

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CO carbon monoxide

Carbon dioxide CO2

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 Nomenclature of
Inorganic Compounds

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Inorganic compounds are classified into
oxides, bases, acids, and salts. Each class is
distinguished from the others by their
chemical formulas (composition), properties,
and names.

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 Oxides
The oxides are binary compounds (two
elements) consisting of oxygen which is the
anion and another element which may be a
metal or a nonmetal. Thus, oxides are either
metallic or nonmetallic. The name of a
metallic oxide consists of the name of the
cation followed by the term “oxide”

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 Examples
Aluminum oxide Al2O3
Ferric oxide Fe2O3

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 Oxides
In naming nonmetallic oxides, refer to #4.
guidelines in writing the formula of inorganic
compound.

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 Bases

The inorganic bases are compounds of a

metallic element with one or more hydroxyl
(OH-) groups. The name of a base consists of
the name of the cation followed by the term
“hydroxide”

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 Examples
Ferrous hydroxide Fe(OH)2
Aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3

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 Acids
The inorganic acids are those compounds
consisting of hydrogen and a negative ion
(except O-2) or a negative radical whose water
solution changes the color of litmus paper
from blue to red. There are two kinds of
inorganic acids: binary acid and ternary acid.

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 Binary Acids
A binary acid is one in which the H is
combined with a nonmetal such as Cl, Br, S,
etc. Its name consists of prefix “hydro”
connected to the root word of the nonmetal
with the suffix “ic” and the word “acid”.
Sulfur is an exception to the rule where its full
name is used.
•General formula: hydro root word ic acid
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 Examples
HCl hydrochloric acid
H2S hydrosulfuric acid

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 Ternary Acids
A ternary acid is composed of three elements:
hydrogen, a nonmetal, and oxygen. The
nonmetal and oxygen, as a group, is called a
radical and carries a negative charge.

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 Ternary Acids

Name of Radical Name of Acid

hypo______ite hypo__________ous acid

______ite __________ous acid
______ate __________ic acid
per______ate per_________ ic acid

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 Examples
Radical Acid Name Acid Formula
Hypochlorite ClO- Hypochlorous acid HClO
Chlorite ClO2- Chlorous acid HClO2
Chlorate ClO3- Chloric acid HClO3
Perchlorate ClO4- Perchloric acid HClO4

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 Salts
The salts are compounds consisting of a metal
combined with a nonmetal or a negative
radical except OH-­. They are formed by the
reaction between a base an acid which is
called neutralization reaction. The cation
comes from the base while the anion comes
from the acid.

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 Salts

NaOH + HCl NaCl + HOH

base acid salt water

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A chemical compound must have a
net charge of zero.

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If the compound contains ions,
then the charges on all of
the ions must add to zero.

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The Stock System

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The metals in the center of the periodic
table (including the transition metals)
often form more than one type of
cation.

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Each ion of iron forms a different
compound with the same anion.

Fe2+ FeS
Fe3+ Fe2S3

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In IUPAC
the Stock System
devised thethe charge
Stock on the
System of cation
is designated
nomenclature by to
a name
Roman numeral placed
compounds of in
parentheses
metals thatimmediately following
have more than theofname
one type
of the metal.
cation.

Cation
+1 +2 +3 +4 +5
Charge
Roman
I II III IV V
Numeral

The nonmetal name ends in -ide. 71

 Stock System
Lower Charge
Lower Charge Higher
HigherCharge
Charge
Element Formula Name Formula Name

Copper Cu+ copper (I) Cu2+ copper

(II)

Iron Fe2+ iron(II) Fe3+ iron(III)

Lead Pb2+ lead (II) Pb4+ lead(IV)

Mercury Hg22+ mercury(I) Hg2+ mercury(II)

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Tin Sn2+ Tin(II) Sn4+ Tin (II)
Examples

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 iron(II) chloride
FeCl2

+2 -1
iron(II) chloride
compound
ion
ioncharge
name
name
iron(III) chloride
FeCl3

+3 -1
iron(III) chloride 74
 tin(II) bromide
SnBr2

+2 -1
tin(II) bromide
compound
ion
ioncharge
name
name
tin(IV) bromide
SnBr4

+4 -1
tin(IV) bromide 75
The Classical System

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In the Classical System the name of the metal
(usually the Latin name) is modified with the
suffixes -ous and ic.

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 Metal name ends in
-ous lower charge
-ic higher charge

nonmetal name ends in

-ide

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Examples

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 ferrous chloride
FeCl2

+2 -1
ferrous chloride
ion
compound
ioncharge
name name
ferric chloride
FeCl3

+3 -1
ferric chloride 80
 stannous bromide
SnBr2

+2 -1
stannous bromide
compound
ion
ioncharge
name
name
stannic bromide
SnBr4

+4 -1
stannic bromide 81
 Ion Names: Classical System
Lower Charge Higher Charge
Element Formula Name Formula Name

Copper Cu+ cuprous Cu2+ Cupric

Iron Fe2+ ferrous Fe3+ ferric
Lead Pb2+ plumbous Pb4+ plumbic
Mercury Hg mercurous Hg2+ mercuric
Tin Sn2+ stannous Sn4+ stannic

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83