IoT Domains

BSIT Spring 2023

Internet of Underwater ‘Things’
Internet of Underground ‘Things’
Internet of Battlefield ‘Things’
Internet of Space ‘Things’

Coffee mug
size Satellite
Internet of nano ‘Things’
IoT Perspective
 IoT- hardware
Wearable Electronics Wearable electronic devices are small devices worn on
the head, neck, arms, torso, and feet.

Current smart wearable devices include −

• Head − Helmets, glasses
• Neck − Jewelry, collars
• Arm − Watches, wristbands, rings
• Torso − Clothing, backpacks
• Feet − Socks, shoes
Standard Devices
The desktop, tablet, and cellphone remain integral parts of IoT as the
command center and remotes.

Other key connected devices include standard network devices like routers
and switches
• IoT − Sensors The most important hardware in IoT might be its sensors.
Sensors:
• Sensors are designed to respond to specific types of conditions in the
physical world, and then generate a signal (usually electrical) that can
represent the magnitude of the condition being monitored. Those conditions
may be light, heat, sound, distance, pressure, or some other more specific
situation, such as the presence or absence of a gas or liquid. The common IoT
sensors that will be employed include:
• Temperature sensors
• Pressure sensors
• Motion sensors
• Level sensors
• Image sensors
• Proximity sensors
• Water quality sensors
• Gas sensors
• Smoke sensors
• Infrared (IR) sensors
• Acceleration sensors
• Gyroscopic sensors
• Humidity sensors
• Optical sensors
Sensors Can be Classified

SENSORS

Based on Based on
Input Based on Datatype
Output

Active Passive Scalar Vector

Analog Digital
Active Sensors:
• Independently sense the input. Example: Radar, Sounder, Laser etc.
Passive Sensors:
• Can’t independently sense the input. Example: Accelerometer, Soil Moisture, Temperature Sensor etc.

 Analog Sensor:
Analog sensors create analog signals from the quantity that is sensed. Example: Temperature Sensor,
Pressure Sensor etc.
Digital Sensor:
Digital sensors produce digital signals when performing a measurement. Digital sensors tend to be considerably less
expensive when compared to analog ones. These sensors are known to have a fast transmission rate as well as negligible
distortion.

Scalar Sensor:
The sensor which produce output signal/voltage which is proportional to magnitude of quantity
to be measured is known as scalar sensor. Examples:
Temperature sensor, Color sensor, pressure sensor, strain sensor etc.
Vector Sensor:
The sensor which produce output signal/voltage which is proportional to magnitude,
direction as well as orientation of quantity being measured is known as Vector sensor.
Examples: Sound sensor, image sensor, velocity sensor, acceleration sensor etc.
• The hardware utilized in IoT systems includes devices for
a remote dashboard, devices for control, servers, a routing
or bridge device, and sensors.
• IoT − Sensors The most important hardware in IoT
might be its sensors.
• Here is a list of some of the measurement devices used in
IoT
• accelerometers
• temperature sensors
• gyroscopes image sensors
• pressure sensors gas
• RFID sensors
• humidity sensors
• micro flow sensors
IoT Software

• An IoT application is a collection of services and software that integrates

data received from various IoT devices.
• It uses machine learning or artificial intelligence (AI) technology to analyze this
data and make informed decisions.

 IoT software addresses its key areas of networking and action through platforms,
embedded systems, partner systems, and middleware.
 Data Collection
 Device Integration
 Real-Time Analytics
 Application and Process Extension
IoT Major Characteristics
The Internet of Things is a network of physical objects that are remotely monitored and controlled using Internet
technologies.
In short, the Internet of Things is made up of objects that are able to connect to the internet and receive instructions
from a computer or smartphone. These objects can then be controlled remotely.

The following are the major characteristics of the Internet of Things:

Connectivity
Identity of Things
Data
Intelligence
Network-Communication
Scalability
Architecture
Security
• Connectivity:
• Connectivity is the ability to communicate with and share information between two or more devices. The internet
of things has created a world where everything is connected, which opens up a world of possibilities for the future.
The internet of things is expected to grow exponentially in the next few years and will be a major way for
businesses to reach out to customers and increase their sales.
• Connectivity is possible using wired LAN or wireless technologies like Wi-Fi, LPWAN, LoRa, ZigBee, etc…
• Identity of Things:
• Identity is a concept that is found in many aspects of IoT. Device Identity is the one thing that makes an IoT device
unique and identifiable. Identity can be used to distinguish between different devices, give them a name, and allow
them to be controlled.
• For Example, An IP address of a device is a unique identifier that represents a device in a network
• Data
• Data is now being collected on the Internet of Things. This means that you can now track your fitness, exercise, and
sleep patterns through smart devices such as Fitbit, Apple Watch, and sleep trackers. This is important because it
allows you to see what habits you need to change in order to get healthier.
• Some examples of this technology include smart thermostats, smart refrigerators, and even smart cars.
• Intelligence:
• The intelligence of IoT devices is the intelligence of smart sensors and devices to sense data, interact with
each other and collect a huge amount of data for analysis. Complex software, algorithms, and protocols
are used to connect IoT devices to the networks and process the data from millions of data nodes.
• Network-Communication
• The internet of things is on the rise and it is predicted that by 2030 there will be 29 billion
devices connected to the internet.
• Communication is an important characteristic of IoT. Often one device can use another device’s
connectivity to establish network connectivity even when the second device is not connected to a
network. This ability to communicate with each other makes IoT more efficient and scalable than other
existing technologies.
• Scalability
• With the growing ubiquity of the Internet of Things, it has become increasingly important to consider
scalability in your system design. In other words, the system can handle more users and more data
without compromising its performance.
• The IoT is an emerging technology that is revolutionizing the way we live and work. There are many
different ways to use the IoT. One way is to scale it to fit your business.
• For example, if you are a hotel chain, you can use IoT to track what room your guests are in and what
amenities they have used. The IoT is not just for big businesses. If you are a small business owner, the IoT
could help you increase sales by sending targeted offers to your customers.
• The IoT needs scalability in order to grow at the pace that it needs to.
• Architecture – Common Ecosystem
• In the internet of things, there are many manufacturers and products that are using the architecture to
support their own devices. With the increase in the number of devices, the importance of the
architecture is heterogeneous (ability to support diverse technologies, protocols, and devices).
• The architecture is mostly responsible for making sure that the devices work together and
communicate with each other. It also is a key component in ensuring that the devices do not interfere
with each other.
• 8. Security
• The Internet of Things is growing at an exponential rate, which means that there are more and more
devices and appliances being connected to the internet. There are also more and more cyber-attacks on
these devices and appliances, which is why it is important to take security into consideration when
developing a product or service.
• The idea of the internet of things is that everything around us will be connected to the internet, which
will make our lives easier. However, there are also a lot of risks that come with this new technology. In
order to stay safe and secure from these risks, it is important to take steps in order to protect your
personal information.
• Data protection is a big concern with the internet of things because personal information can be
collected and shared without consent. There are also other challenges like privacy, data ownership, and
hacking.
Why be concerned about
IoT?
• It’s just another computer, right?
• All of the same issues we have with
access control, vulnerability
management, patching, monitoring,
etc.
• Imagine your network with 1,000,000
more devices
• Any compromised device is a
foothold on the network
The IoT Market

• As of 2013, 10 billion IoT units

• Expected to grow to 50 billion IoT devices by

2020

• Revenue growth from $1.9 trillion in 2013 to

$7.1 trillion in 2020
Major Subject of 5G wireless
Systems (2020-2030)
IoT ecosystem

• Internet of Things connects devices, things, and

software as well as shares information, enables
communication, and allows action and interaction
through automation and machine learning. It is
an impressive network made up of hardware,
software, and applications that all interact and
connect with one another using the internet
and cloud technology.
 Components of the IoT ecosystem

• The IoT ecosystem consists of multiple components that allow

businesses, governments, and consumers to connect to their IoT
devices.
• Sensors and actuators – sensors and actuators are at the center
of the entire IoT network. Sensors are connected to assets in the
form of a physical micro appliance, embedded into an IoT device.
These sensors are responsible for collecting and gathering data in
order to send signals or commands to the actuator.
• Connectivity – this is largely referred to as the network layer and
talks about how data is transferred and processed to ensure
seamless communication between connected devices, sensors, the
cloud, and actuators.
• IoT Cloud – once the data has travelled through the IoT
protocols and gateway, it moves to the cloud. The cloud is a
high-performance compute and storage ecosystem

• IoT analytics and data management – this is used to make

sense of the large amounts of data being processed. IoT
technology can compute all raw data, being collected and
transported, into data analytics

• Devices and interface – this is the visible component that an

IoT user can use to control the system and set their preferences.
What is an IoT ecosystem?
An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems,
such as processors, sensors and communication hardware, to collect, send and act on
data they acquire from their environments.

What are the benefits of an IoT ecosystem for a business?

• IoT ecosystem is a complex system that relies on the interconnectivity of
multiple systems

• Benefits:
1. Reduced costs
2. Higher efficiency and productivity
3. More business opportunities
4. Improved customer experience
5. Increased mobility and agility
Challenges in Internet of things (IoT)

• The Internet of Things (IoT) has fast grown to be a

large part of how human beings live, communicate and
do business.

Security challenges in IoT :

• Lack of encryption
• Insufficient testing and updating
• Risk of default passwords
• IoT Malware and ransomware
A hacker can hijack a computer camera and take pictures
• Cryptocurrency
Design challenge in IoT :
• Battery life is a limitation
• Increased cost and time to market
• Security of the system

Deployment challenges in IoT :

• Connectivity
• Cross platform capability
• Data collection and processing
• Lack of skill set
Predictions about the future of IoT
• By 2025, it is estimated that there will be more than to 21 billion IoT
devices
• Cybercriminals will continue to use IoT devices to facilitate DDoS
(Distributed Denial of Service ) attacks
• More cities will become “smart”
• Artificial intelligence will continue to become a bigger thing
• Routers will continue to become more secure and smarter
• 5G Networks will continue to fuel IoT growth
• Cars will get even smarter
• 5G’s arrival will also open the door to new privacy and security concerns
• IoT-based DDoS attacks will take on more dangerous forms
• Security and privacy concerns will drive legislation and regulatory
activity