SHAFT

Shaft : Used for the transmission of power.

Axle : Used as a support for rotating members such as bearings,

wheels, idler gears, etc.

Spindle A short shaft, usually of small diameter, usually rotating.

Stub shaft : A shaft which is integral with an engine/motor or prime

mover.

Line shaft: (or power transmission shaft) A shaft connected to a prime

mover which transmits power to a number of machines

Jack shaft A short shaft used to connect a prime mover to a machine or

another shaft.

Flexible shaft Permits the transmission of power between two shafts

(e.g. motor shaft and machine shaft) whose rotational axes are at an
angle or where the angle between the shafts may change.
 SHAFT

The following two types of shafts are important from the

subject point of view :

1. Transmission shafts. These shafts transmit power

between the source and the machines absorbing power. The
counter shafts, line shafts, over head shafts and all factory
shafts are transmission shafts. Since these shafts carry
machine parts such as pulleys, gears etc., therefore they are
subjected to bending in addition to twisting.

2. Machine shafts. These shafts form an integral part of the

machine itself. The crank shaft is an example of machine
shaft.
Standard Sizes of Transmission Shafts : 25 mm to 60
mm with 5 mm steps; 60 mm to 110 mm with 10 mm
steps ; 110 mm to 140 mm with 15 mm steps ; and 140
mm to 500 mm with 20 mm steps. The standard length of
the shafts are 5 m, 6 m and 7 m.
Stresses in Shafts The following stresses are induced in
the shafts :
1. Shear stresses: due to the transmission of torque (i.e.
due to torsional load).
2. Bending stresses: (tensile or compressive) due to the
forces acting upon machine elements like gears, pulleys
etc. as well as due to the weight of the shaft itself.
3. Stresses due to combined torsional and bending
loads.
GEARS
 WHY TO USE GEARS…?

1. Reduce speed
2. Increase torque
3. Move power from one point to another
4. Change direction of power
5. Split power
 ADVANTAGS & DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
1. It transmits exact velocity ratio.
2. It may be used to transmit large power.
3. It has high efficiency.
4. It has reliable service.
5. It has compact layout.

Disadvantages
1. The manufacture of gears require special
tools and equipment.
2. The error in cutting teeth may cause
vibrations and noise during operation.
 Applications of Gears
• Toys and Small Mechanisms – small, low load,
low cost
• Appliance gears – long life, low noise & cost,
low to moderate load
• Power transmission – long life, high load and
speed
• Aerospace gears – light weight, moderate to
high load
• Control gears – long life, low noise, precision
gears

7
TYPES OF GEARS
According to the position of axis of the
shafts.
a. Parallel
[Link] Gear
[Link] Gear

b. Intersecting
Bevel Gear

c. Non-intersecting and Non-parallel

worm and worm gears
SPUR GEAR

•Teeth is parallel
to axis of rotation
•Transmit power
from one shaft to
another parallel
shaft

• Video 1 (Spur gear)

SPUR GEAR

External Gearing Internal Gearing

SPUR GEAR

•Advantages
• Cost
• Ease of manufacture
• Availability

•Disadvantages
• Only works with mating gear
• Axis of each gear must be parallel
Helical Gear
• The teeth on helical gears are cut at an
angle to the face of the gear
• This gradual engagement makes helical
gears operate much more smoothly and
quietly than spur gears
• One interesting thing about helical gears is
that if the angles of the gear teeth are
correct, they can be mounted on
perpendicular shafts, adjusting the rotation
angle by 90 degrees

• Video 2 (Helical Gear)

Helical Gear…
 HELICAL GEAR
Advantages
• Smooth and quiet due to gradual tooth engagements. Helical
gears good up to speeds in excess of 25 m/s
• More tooth engagement allows for greater power
transmission for given gear size.
• Parallel to perpendicular shaft arrangement

Disadvantage
• More expensive
• Resulting axial thrust component
HERRINGBONE GEARS

• To avoid axial thrust, two

helical gears of opposite
hand can be mounted side
by side, to cancel resulting
thrust forces

• Herringbone gears are

mostly used on heavy
machinery.

• Video 5 (Herringbone Gear)

•
Rack and pinion

• Rack and pinion gears

are used to convert rotation
(From the pinion) into linear
motion (of the rack)

• A perfect example of this is

the steering system on
many cars
BEVEL GEAR
• Bevel gears are useful when the direction of a
shaft's rotation needs to be changed
• They are usually mounted on shafts that are 90
degrees apart, but can be designed to work at
other angles as well
• The teeth on bevel gears can be straight, spiral
or hypoid
• locomotives, marine applications, automobiles,
printing presses, cooling towers, power plants,
steel plants, railway track inspection machines,
etc.

• Video 3 (Bevel Gear)

BEVEL GEAR
BEVEL GEAR

• Advantages
• Right angle drives

• Disadvantages
• Get axial loading which complicates bearings and housings
WORM GEAR
• Worm gears are used when large gear reductions
are needed. It is common for worm gears to have
reductions of 20:1, and even up to 300:1 or
greater
• Many worm gears have an interesting property
that no other gear set has: the worm can easily
turn the gear, but the gear cannot turn the worm
• Worm gears are used widely in material handling
and transportation machinery, machine tools,
automobiles etc

• Video 4 (Worm & worm wheel)

WORM GEAR
 WORM GEAR
Advantages
• Quiet / smooth drive
• Can transmit torque at right angles
• No back driving
• Good for positioning systems

Disadvantage
• Most inefficient due to excessive friction
(sliding)
• Needs maintenance
• Slower speed applications
NOMENCLATURE OF GEARS
NOMENCLATURE OF GEARS

OUTSIDE DIAMETER
PITCH DIAMETER

ROOT DIAMETER

DIAMETRAL PITCH
= TOOTH SIZE

CENTER
DISTANCE
NOMENCLATURE….

• Pitch surface: The surface of the imaginary rolling

cylinder (cone, etc.) that the toothed gear may be
considered to replace.
• Pitch circle: A right section of the pitch surface.
• Addendum circle: A circle bounding the ends of the
teeth, in a right section of the gear.
• Root (or dedendum) circle: The circle bounding the
spaces between the teeth, in a right section of the
gear.
• Addendum: The radial distance between the pitch
circle and the addendum circle.
• Dedendum: The radial distance between the pitch
circle and the root circle.
• Clearance: The difference between the dedendum of
one gear and the addendum of the mating gear.
 NOMENCLATURE….
• Face of a tooth: That part of the tooth surface
lying outside the pitch surface.
• Flank of a tooth: The part of the tooth surface
lying inside the pitch surface.
• Circular thickness (also called the tooth
thickness): The thickness of the tooth measured
on the pitch circle. It is the length of an arc and not
the length of a straight line.
• Tooth space: pitch diameter The distance
between adjacent teeth measured on the pitch
circle.
• Backlash: The difference between the circle
thickness of one gear and the tooth space of the
mating gear. D
Pc
• Circular pitch (Pc) : The width ofNa tooth and a
space, measured on the pitch circle.
 NOMENCLATURE….
• Diametral pitch (Pd): The number of teeth of a
gear unit pitch diameter. The diametral pitch is, by
definition, the number of teeth divided by the pitch
diameter. That is,
N
Pd 
Where D
Pd = diametral pitch
N = number of teeth
D = pitch diameter

• Module (m): Pitch diameter divided by number of

teeth. The pitch diameter is usually specified in
inches or millimeters; in the former case the
module is the inverse of diametral pitch. m
= D/N
GEAR RATIO OF DRIVE

d = Diameter of the wheel

N =Speed of the wheel
ω = Angular speed

 2 N 2 d1
Gear ratio =  
1 N 1 d 2
GEAR TRAINS
•A gear train is two or more gear
working together by meshing their
teeth and turning each other in a
system to generate power and
speed
•It reduces speed and increases
torque
•Electric motors are used with the
gear systems to reduce the speed
and increase the torque
 TYPES OF GEAR TRAINS

• Simple gear train

• Compound gear train

• Reverted Gear Train.

• Epicyclic gear train

SIMPLE G.T.
 COMPOUND G.T.

• For large velocities,

compound
arrangement is
preferred
• Two or more gears
may rotate about a
single axis
 Reverted G.T.
• The axes of the first gear (i.e. first driver) and the last
gear (i.e. last driven or follower) are co-axial

• The motion of the first gear and the last gear is like.
Epicyclic G.T.