A rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more

minerals.
Petrology is the scientific study of rocks. Petrologists classify
rocks based on how they were formed.
Formed from hardening and
crystallization of magma or
molten material that originates
deep within the earth.
 TWO TYPES OF IGNEOUS
ROCKS
1. INTRUSIVE/PLUTONIC
- It cools slowly beneath the Earth surface and are
created by magma.
2. EXTRUSIVE/VOLCANIC ROCK
- forms when magma makes it way to Earth’s
surface as lava and then cools.
 Igneous Rocks are classified based on:
1. COMPOSITION - it refers to rock’s mineral and chemical make-up.
Felsic – light in color; feldspar and silicates
Mafic – dark-colored igneous rocks made up of magnesium,
calcium
and iron
Intermediate – refers to igneous rocks between mafic and felsic
composition.
Ultramafic – very dark color
2. TEXTURE - overall appearance of a rock based on the size, shape,
and arrangement of interlocking mineral
crystals.
Aphanistic – fine-grained rocks with crystals seen by aid of
microscope.
Phaneritic - coarse-grained rocks
Porphyritic – large crystals with small crystals
Glassy - a rock that looks like colored glass with no visible mineral
crystal.
Pyroclastic- results from explosive fragmentation of volcanic material.
Forms from pre-existing
rocks: either metamorphic,
igneous, sedimentary or other
metamorphic rocks that have
been altered by agents of
metamorphism.
METAMORPHISM- transformation of one rock type to another.

1. Regional - due to changes in

pressure and temperature over
large region of the crust. It may
happen when rock is buried deep
below the surface of the earth.

2. Contact - the rock minerals and

textures are changed mainly by
heat due to contact with magma.
 CLASSIFICATIONS
[Link] - refers to the size arrangement and grains within the
rock. Foliation - any planar arrangement of mineral grains or
structural features within the rock.
a. Foliated rocks – can be arranged in terms of
increasing
metamorphism, and it appeared layered or
banded with compressed mineral
grains.
b. Non-foliated rocks – usually made up of only
few
minerals.
Provide information about surface conditions that
existed in the Earth’s past.
Particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other
fragments of materials called sediments,
accumulate in layers and over long period of time
harden into rocks.
Compaction-due to increase of pressure of layered
sediments it bind together to form the sedimentary
rocks.
 Three types of Sedimentary Rocks
a. Clastic Sedimentary rock - formed from accumulation of clasts: little
pieces of
broken rocks and shells
b. Chemical - formed when dissolved minerals precipitate from a solution.
Ex: Halite - formed when a body of seawater becomes closed off
and evaporates.
c. Organic - rocks formed from the accumulation of animal debris
Example: Coal - composed of organic matter in the form of
plants fragments.
Crossword Puzzle
ACROSS
[Link] formed from accumulation of clasts little
pieces
2. formation of igneous rocks due to hardening of
magma
3. transformation of one rock type into another 4.
combined aggregation of minerals
5. composed of ejected fragments
6. a.k.a. volcanic rock
7. fine-grained rock
DOWNWARD
8. sediments bind together due to increase in
pressure
9. coarse-grained
10. sedimentary rocks formed from plants and
animals.
 m w eathering and
Fr o
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crystalize, I’m now sedimen
igneous rock! Humans get
I’m magma starting in a
cold too.
volcano. I will show you
what life is for me. It is
Go down and head
called the rock cycle
left to continue the
story!

After the
Then, compacting and whole roc
cycle, we k
cementing turns me into Heat and pressure turn end up
meeting b
sedimentary rocks. Brr, I me into another rock ack to
magma!
I can
wish I was warmer. called metamorphic rock. to start th t wait
e cycle
again.

I start from magma, to igneous rock,

Fun fact! to sediment, to sedimentary rock, to
Rocks don’t metamorphic rock, then back to
magma!
talk.
The END
1. When rocks are affected by weathering and erosion, they change into which of the
following?

A. Lava B. Magma C. Sediment

D. Igneous rock
2. What type of rock is formed when sediment is compacted and cemented?
A. Igneous rock B. Sedimentary rock C.
Metamorphic rock D. Magma
3. What is formed when heat and pressure are applied to a sedimentary rock?
A. Igneous rock B. Sedimentary rock C.
Metamorphic rock D. Magma
4. When melting of a metamorphic rock occurs, it changes into which of the
following? A. Lava B. Magma
C. Sediment D. Igneous rock
5. What kind of rock is formed when magma hardens?
Exogenic processes are geological processes
occurring at the earth’s surface. It includes:
A. Weathering
B. Erosion
C. Deposition
 Click icon to add picture

A. WEATHERING
Weathering is a process by which rocks are
broken into smaller fragments. This process is
due to rocks’ exposure to varying temperature,
pressure, substances and biological actions.
 Mechanical
 Chemical
 Mechanical/Physical Weathering

The breakdown of rocks into

pieces without any change in its
composition. In this process,
the size and shape of rocks
changes.
 Mechanical Weathering Factors

1. Pressure
4. Organic Activity
2. Temperature
5. Human Activities
3. Frost Wedging
6. Burrowing Animals
4. Abrasion
 1. Pressure
Due to tectonic forces, granite may
rise to form mountain range. After
the granite ascends and cools, the
overlying rocks and sediments may
erode. At the point when the
pressure diminishes, the rock
expands, cools, and became brittle
and fractured.
 2. Temperature

Rocks expand and are fractured

when expose to high
temperature. However, if the
temperature drops to 0°C
(freezing point of water), it also
expands and causes fracture.
 3. Frost Wedging
Generally, rocks have fracture in its
surface and when water accumulates in
the crack and at that point freezes, the ice
expands and breaks the rock apart.
 4. Abrasion
The breakdown of rocks is
caused by impact and friction.
This primarily occurs during
collision of rocks, sand, and
silt due to current or waves
along a stream or seashore
causing sharp edges and
corners to wear off and become
rounded.
 5. Organic Activity

The roots grow causing penetration

into the crack, expand, and in the long
run, break the rock.
 6. Human Activities

Activities such as digging,

quarrying, denuding forests and
cultivating land contribute to
physical weathering.
 7. Burrowing Animals

Animals like rats,

rabbits and squirrels
excavate into the
ground to create a
space for habitation.
 Chemical Weathering

In chemical weathering,
there are changes in the
composition of rocks due
to the chemical reactions.
Chemical Reactions

1. Dissolution
2. Hydrolysis
3. Oxidation
 1. Dissolution
It occurs in specific minerals which
are dissolved in water. Examples of
these minerals are Halite (NaCl)
and Calcite (CaCO3). The
formation of stalactites and
stalagmites in caves are brought
about by this chemical reaction.
 2. Hydrolysis
Rock-forming minerals like
amphibole, pyroxene, and feldspar
react with water and form different
kinds of clay minerals.
 3. Oxidation
It is the response of oxygen with
minerals. If the iron oxidizes, the mineral
in rocks decomposes. Rusting is an
example of this chemical reaction.
Identify the factors of physical weathering shown in each picture.
1. _______________

2. ________________

3. __________________
Analyze each picture and identify the chemical reaction that
causes chemical weathering.
4. _______________

5. ________________
 Identify the type of weathering that caused the breaking of rock
in each situation below.

1. Rock expands when hot and contracts when cold. Repeated expansion and contraction
split a rock into pieces.
2. Burrowing animals loosened rock particles and broke them apart.
3. Naturally-formed acid came in contact with a rock. After several years, minerals in rock
disintegrated and turned into sediments.
4. Oxygen in water reacted with iron in rocks forming rust. Due to rusting, the rock became
brittle and later broke into fine particles.
5. A boulder rolled down a cliff then shattered into pieces upon hitting the base.
 Erosion
and
Deposition
 EROSION
The process which rock particles are moved from one place to
another.
 DEPOSITION
The process by which sediments are dropped off by agents of
erosion.
Agents of Erosion

1. Water
2. Wind
3. Glaciers
4. Gravity
1. Water
2. Wind
3. Glacier
 4. Gravity

Gravity is a major force that drives erosion and

deposition. Soil and weathered materials in high
elevations like hills and mountain are pulled
down by gravity.
 The downslope movement of large
amounts of soil and rock particles
due the effect of gravity is called
mass wasting or mass movement.

Mass wasting or mass movement

can be slow or fast.
 SHAPE IT UP!
Name the agent of erosion that is primarily responsible in shaping
the landform shown in the pictures. Choose the answer from
options inside the box.
 QUIZ TIME!
1. A seed germinates in a rock’s small crack. The growing root eventually
splits the rock into two. What exogenic process is demonstrated by this?
a. mechanical weathering b. chemical weathering
c. erosion d. deposition
2. Which CANNOT be considered as an active agent of erosion in the
Philippines?
a. wind b. water c. gravity d.
glacier
3. A piece of rock rolls down a cliff. What process in involved here?
a. weathering b. erosion c. deposition d.
rock formation

4. Alternating hot and cold temperature causes repeated expansion and

compression of rock materials which breaks the rock apart. What
exogenic process is illustrated by this situation?
a. erosion b. deposition
c. chemical weathering d. mechanical weathering

5. Surface run-off brings fine rock particles from land to bodies of water.
What process is being described by this statement?
a. erosion b. mass wasting
c. chemical weathering d. mechanical weathering
6. Which of the following features is formed mainly through deposition
of rock particles alongside a body of water?
a. cave b. beach c. spring d. water
table

7. Erosion has advantages and disadvantages. Which of the following is

an advantage of erosion?
a. It may cause rock materials to clog waterways.
b. It removes the fertile topsoil that is useful in farming.
c. It can expose new rock layers that are rich in minerals.
d. It can destruct structures such as bridges and buildings
8. Which statement is true about all agents of erosion?
a. They transfer large sediments faster than smaller ones.
b. They erode moist materials more easily than dry materials.
c. They pick up sediments only when they have enough energy.
d. They carry rock materials from a lower elevation to a higher
elevation.
9. What is the major force that causes mass wasting of soil and rock
materials?
a. uplift b. thrust c. friction d.
gravity
10. Which statement is FALSE about mass wasting?
a. It happens very quickly.
b. b. It is primarily caused by gravity.
c. It deposits materials to lower locations.