DR. D.Y.

PATIL COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE BUSINESS

MANAGEMENT ,AKURDI,PUNE-44

PROJECT REPORT
ON
STUDENT READY PROGRAMME
2024-2025
BY
[Link] MACHINDRA CHAVAN
REGISTRATION NO:-ABMP-2021/013
SUBMITTED TO
[Link] COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE BUSINESS
MANAGEMENT ,AKURDI,PUNE-44
(Affiliated to Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth ,Rahuri)

[Link].(Hons.) Agriculture Business Management

1
 A PROJECT REPORT
STUDENT READY PROGRAMME
OF
AGRI-BUSINESS
MANAGEMENT 2024-2025

SUBMITTED TO
MAHATMA PHULE KRISHI VIDYAPEETH, RAHURI -
413722 MAHARASHTRA STATE (INDIA)
[Link]. (Hons.) Agriculture Business
Management BY
[Link] MACHINDRA CHAVAN
REGISTRATION [Link]-2021/13
In Partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
STUDENT READY PROGRAMME
(2024-25)

Dr. S. N. Patil Dr. T. B. Deokate

( CO-Ordinator) (DI’sNominee)

Prof. S. R. Benke Prof. V. B. Gholap Prof. M. B. Jagtap

(Committee Member) (Committee Member) (Committee Member)

2
 CANDIDATES DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this report or a part there of has not been submitted by me or
any person , any other university or Institute for a degree
or Diploma.

Place: Akurdi Signature:

Date: Harshad Chavan
(Reg. No. ABMP-
2021-013)

3
 DR.D.Y. PATIL COLLEGE AGRICULTURE BUSINESS
MANAGEMENT,
AKURDI,PUNE-44.
(Affiliated to MAHATMA PHULE KRISHI VIDYAPEETH ,RAHURI)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project Report on Experiential Learning Programme is
of Original Work carried-out by [Link] MACHINDRA CHAVAN ABMP-
2021/13 And is being submitted for academic fulfillment for the student ready Programme
[Link] Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Agriculture Business Management ,Akurdi , Pune. No
part of the report has been submitted for any other degree or diploma.
The assistance and help received during the course of this investigation has
been duly acknowledged.

Prof. S. N. Patil Dr.M.D. JAGATAP

(Co-Ordinator) (Pricipal)

Place: Akurdi

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have been taken efforts in this project . However ,it would not have
been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations . I
would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. This project contains imprints of all
those who had directly or indirectly help me and given kind support in completing this
Student Ready Programme . At the same time of preparing the report .I express my sincere
thanks to all of them.
I would specially thank to Mr. Shivaji Nathuji Muluk(Host Farmer)
who had spent their valuable and precious time for completion of this report at every stage
their knowledge , experience and guidance is very valuable.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to, University representative
[Link] (DI’s Nominee) and Dr. M. D. Jagtap(Principal) for their guidance to complete
the report.
I express my special thanks to DR. M. D. Jagtap
(Coordinator), Prof. S.
N. Patil (Committee Member), Prof. V. B. Gholap (Committee
Member), Prof. S. R. Benke (Committee Member) for their constant guidance . I would
thank to them for their encouragement for my project.
I would like to thank all above respected persons for guidance for
successful completion of this project and preparing report.

Harshad Chavan
ABMP-2021/13

5
 INDEX
AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION
MANAGEMENT

[Link] Particulars [Link]

1 Introduction 13
1.1 Introduction of study 13
1.2 Objective of the study 13
2 Methodology 14
2.1 Selection of village 14
2.2 Collection of data 14
3 Result and discussion 16
3.1 General information of village 16
3.2 Members of village Council 17
3.3 Geography of village 18
3.4 Demography of village 20
3.5 Information Related to agribusiness activities 21
3.6 Community Building 22
3.7 Information of the host farmer 23
3.7.1 General Information of host farmer 23
3.7.2 Information Of the family members 24
3.7.3 Information about land 26
3.7.4 Sources of irrigation and areas irrigated 27
3.7.5 Information about building 27
3.7.6 Information about livestock 28
3.7.7 Implementation and machinery 29
3.7.8 Household Assets 31
3.7.9 Land use pattern 32
3.8 Present cropping pattern 33
3.9 Distribution and depreciation and interest on 35
fixed capital
3.10 Irrigation charges 39
3.10.1 Irrigation charges of each crop 40
3.11 Crop wise incidental charges 42
3.12 Land revenue of each crop 45
3.13 Abstract of Overhead cost 47
3.14 Abstract of crops cultivated 48
3.15 Paddy Crop 49
3.15.1 Crop wise input used by Host Farmer 50
6
3.15.2 Input management of paddy crop 51
3.15.3 Per hectare cost of cultivation of paddy crop 52
3.15.4 Yield of paddy crop 54
3.15.5 Analytical measures of farm income used for 55
paddy crop
3.16 Soyabean Crop 56
3.16.1 Input management of soyabean crop 57
3.16.2 Per hectare cost of cultivation of soyabean crop 58
3.16.3 Yield of Soyabean Crop 61
3.16.4 Analytical measures of farm income used for 62
Soyabean crop
3.17 Wheat Crop 63
3.17.1 Input Management of wheat crop 64
3.17.2 Per hectare cost of cultivation of wheat crop 65
3.17.3 Yield of wheat crop 66
3.17.4 Analytical measures of farm income used for 69
wheat crop
3.18 Groundnut Crop 70
3.18.1 Crop wise input used by host farmer 71
3.18.2 Input management of groundnut crop 72
3.18.3 Per hectare cost of cultivation of groundnut crop 73
3.18.4 Yield of Groundnut Crop 74
3.18.5 Analytical measures of farm income used for 75
groundnut crop
3.19 Onion Crop 76
3.19.1 Crop wise input used by host farmer 77
3.19.2 Input management of Onion crop 78
3.19.3 Per hectare cost of cultivation of onion crop 79
3.19.4 Yield of onion crop 80
3.19.5 Analytical measures of farm income used for 82
onion crop
3.20 Bajra Crop 83
2.20.1 Crop wise input used by host farmer 84

3.20.2 Input management of bajra crop 85

3.20.3 Per hectare cost of cultivation of bajra crop 86
3.20.4 Yield of Bajra crop 89
3.20.5 Analytical measures of farm income used for 90
bajra crop
3.21 Okra crop 91

7
3.21.1 Crop wise input used by host farmer for okra 92
crop
3.21.2 Input management of okra crop 93
3.21.3 Per hectare cost of cultivation of okra crop 94
3.21.4 Yield of Okra crop 97
3.21.5 Analytical measures of farm income used for 98
okra crop
3.22 Sugarcane Crop 99
3.22.1 Crop wise input used by host farmer for 100
sugarcane crop
3.22.2 Input management for sugarcane crop 101
3.22.3 Per hectare cost of cultivation of sugarcane crop 102
3.22.4 Yield of sugarcane crop 105
3.22.5 Analytical measures of farm income used for 106
sugarcane crop
3.23 Comparison between B C ratio of different crop 107
3.24 Comparison between Goss income of different 108
crop
3.25 Alternate Cropping pattern 110
3.25.1 Present cropping pattern 111
3.25.2 Alternate cropping pattern 111
3.25.3 Reason for replacement of crop 111
3.26 Maize crop 112
3.26.1 Crop wise input used by host farmer for maize 112
crop
3.26.2 Input management of maize crop 113
3.26.3 Per hectare cost of cultivation of maize crop 114
3.26.4 Yield of maize crop 115
3.26.5 Analytical measures of farm income used for 117
maize crop
3.27 Comparison between present cropping and 118
alternate cropping pattern
3.28 Problems and suggestion 120
3.29 Conclusion 121
3.30 Loan Praposal (Drip Irrigation) 122

3.30.1 Repayment schedule 122

3.30.2 Document required for borrowing of loan 123
3.30.3 Application form 123
3.31 Co-Operative society 124
3.31.1 Study of multipurpose cooperative society 124
8
 3.31.2 Cluster of village 125
3.31.3 Share Capital 125
3.31.4 Borrowing of society 126
3.31.5 Other funds of society 126
3.31.6 Working capital of society 126
3.31.7 Expenditure of society 126
3.31.8 Net profit 126
3.31.9 Information of secretory 127
3.31.10 Information of management committee 128
3.31.11 Progress of last five years of society 129
3.32 Problems and suggestion 131

LIST IF FIGURES AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION

MANAGEMENT

Sr. No Particulars Pg .No

1 Geography of village 18
2 Crop wise interest on fixed capital and 37
depreciation charges
3 Crop wise irrigation charges 41
4 Crop wise incidental charges 43
5 Land revenue for each crop 44
6 Comparison between B C ratio of different crop 107
7 Comparison between Gross value of crop 108
8 Comparison between of B C ratio of present and 110
alternate crop

9
 Student Project Work
Sr. No. Particulars Pg. No.
1 Introduction of Nursery 133
1.2.1 Definition of nursery 133
1.2.2 Phases of nursery management 133
2 Methodology 134
2.1 Selection of unit 134
2.2 Collection of data 134
2.3 Analysis of data 135
3 Importance of plant nursery 136
4 Present status of nursery in Maharashtra 137
4.1 Present status of nursery in Maharashtra 137
5 Objectives 138
6 General information of Owner 138
7 Critical areas of management 139
7.1 Allocation of space 140
7.2 Product share 141
7.3 Initial capital investment 142
7.4 Operating Cost 143
7.5 Annual Depreciation 144
7.6 Distribution of annual depreciation 145
7.7 Varieties of fiscus 146
7.7.1 Steps of propagation of fiscus plant 147
7.7.3 Inorganic manual 148
7.7.4 Integrated pest management 150
7.7.5 Irrigation system of plant 151
7.7.6 Pest and disease of fiscus plant 151
7.7.7 Per unit cost of production of fiscus plant 152
7.7.8 Break even point 155
7.8 Varieties of Jatrophe plant 157
7.8.1 Steps of propagation of Jatrophe plant 158
7.8.2 Inorganic manual 159
7.8.3 Integrated pest management 160
7.8.4 Pest and disease management of Jatrophe plant 162
7.8.5 Per unit cost of production of Jatrophe plant 163
7.8.6 Break even point 166
7.9 Financial Feasibility 167
7.11 IRR 169

10
7.11.1 Financial ratio 171
7.11.2 Profitability ratio 171
8 Marketing Management 173
8.1 Marketing channel 173
9 SWOT analysis 174
10 Problems and Solutions 175
11 Conclusion 176
12 Summary 177

11
 RURAL
AWARENESS
WORK
EXPERIENCE

12
1. INTRODUCTION
1. Introduction of the study
Farmer is a good manager and he is facing many challenges during production
management .Therefore, agri-business management has got prime position in the welfare of
farming community. In this context, the student of agri-business management are exposing
themselves and get acquainted with the input management of crops taken by farmers , with in
depth practical knowledge . In order to acquire this knowledge, student undergo training
programme of one month in villages entitled Rural Awareness work Experience.

2. Objective of the study

-To familiarize the students with socio-economic conditions of agri-entrepreneurs and
problems come across in agribusiness and marketing of agri. Products.
- To provide an opportunity to the student to study the organizational structure ,
functions
/ roles and responsibilities of marketing , processing co-operative and financial organizations
in agricultural development .
-To provide an opportunity to students to acquire practical management skills through
working with different marketing, processing, co-operative and financial organizations to
develop entrepreneurship.
-To train the students in the collections, classification , tabulations analysis, presentation
and interpretation of data .
- To assist the students to acquire the report writing skills.

13
2. Methodology
1. Selection of the village
Selected villages was Salumbre Survey was conducted in the village –
salumbre, In the village it had been observed that more farmers had more than 5 acres land
with multiple cropping patterns.
2. Collection of data
Primary data- It was collected from the sarpanch , farmers of the village by taking
interviews . The data collected was related to the farm operations , farmers general
information, his assets, economics, input management , cropping pattern etc.
Secondary data- It was collected from Talathi office , gram panchayat , internet,
agricultural books etc. The data was related to the general information of the village , land
information of the farmers , recommended input management practices for various crops .

3. Analysis of data
The data was analysed by using simple tabular methods , graphical representation,
statistical and mathematical tools. Some of the analytical tools are:

- Cropping Intensity = Gross Crop Area/Net Crop Area*100

- Depreciation= Original value- Junk Value

Useful Life

14
Machine Maintainance Charges=Electricity Bill+Minor Repairs
Total Running Of water
-Irrigation Charges For Each Crop=MMC*Irrigation Hrs[Intrest on Irrigation Charges/Gross
Crop Area]*Crop Area
Incidental Charges for Each Crop=[Total Incidental Charges/Gross Crop Area]*Crop Area
-Land Revenue=[Total Land Revenue/Gross Crop Area]*Crop Area
Interest on fixed capital for each crop=[Total Depreciation Charges/Gross Crop Area]*Crop
Area
- Cost A = Total Working Capital + Interest on working

capital + Depreciation on implements , machinery and building.

- Cost B = Cost A+ Interest on fixed capital excluding land +Rental value of owned
land
- Cost C = Cost B+ Family labour charges + Supervision charges
- Farm Business Income (F. B. I. ) = Gross income – Cost A
- Family Labour Income (F. L. I.) = Gross income – Cost B
- Net Income(N.I.) = Gross income – Cost C
- Farm Invesment Income = FBI – Family Labour Charges
- Benefit Cost Ratio = Gross Income / Cost C
- Per Hectare cost of cultivation = Net cost C/ Area(ha)

- Per quintal cost of cultivation = Net cost C / Yield (qtl)

15
GENERAL INFORATION OF VILLAGE

1. Name of Gram panchayat :- Akharwadi.

2. Year of Establishment :- 1992
3. Member of Village Council :- 07

Gram panchayat Image

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. General information of village

Sr No. Particulars Total number

1. Name of Sarpanch Mrs. Deepali Ashok Muluk

2. Name of Upsarpanch [Link] Sampat Muluk

3. Name of Talathi Mr

4. Gramsevek [Link] Shirsath

5. Government Type Panchayati Raj

Table No.1

17
 3.2 Members of village Council

Sr . No. Name of Members Designation

1 Deepali Ashok Muluk Sarpanch

2 Dattatray Sampat Muluk Upsarpanch

3 Monika Digambar Muluk Member

4 Vithal Pandharinath Muluk Member

5 Avinash Dnyaneshwar Muluk Member

6 Nilam Amar Muluk Member

7 Shital Pravin Muluk Member

Table No.3
Above table provides information about the village council Committee Members

18
3.3 Geography of the village

TOTAL AREA OF VILLAGE : 341.36

ha
PARTICULARS Table No. 4 AREA PERCENT
(ha) (%)

[Link] Area 332 97.25

[Link] Area 5 1.46

[Link] Land 5.36 1.57

[Link] Area - -

Total Area 341.36 100

19
 Area(%)

Agriculture Area Gavthan Area Barren Land Forest Area

Figure No.1
From above table it has been estimated that out of total out of total area of
agriculture area is 332 ha (97.25%) followed by forest area of 00 ha(0%) area under barren
land 5.36ha (1.57%) and Gavthan area is 5ha(1.46%).

20
 3.4 Demography of the village

[Link] PARTICULARS RATE/NO/RATIO

1. Total 1007
population 486
A)Male 517
B)Female
2. Total no. of houses 413
A)Katcha house 303
B)Pakka house 110
C)[Link] 1
Wadi/Vasti
3. APL(Above Poverty Line) 181

4. BPL(Below Poverty Line) 32

5. Density 0.32Per km sq

6. Literacy rate 74.04%

Table No .5

Previous table shows the demography of village . From the above table it has been
estimated that total population of the village is 1007 . Literacy rate of the village is 74.04%
.There are 181 Above Poverty Line(APL) and 32 Below Poverty Line(BPL) Families

21
3.5 COMMUNITY BUILDINGS OF VILLAGE
SR. NO. PARTICULARS NUMBERS

1. Village panchayat 1
2. Anganwadi 2
3. Z.P. Primary school 2
4. Govt. Hospital -
5. Private Human Clinics -
6. Veterinary clinic -
7. Secondary schools and colleges -
8. Library -
Table No.6
Above table provides information about the number of community building in a village

22
3.6 Information Related To Agribusiness activities
SR. NO. TYPES OF NAME OF CROP
CROPS

1. Cereals Wheat , Sorghum , Maize , Paddy

2. Pulses Gram , Black-gram , Green- gram

, Cowpea
3. Oilseeds Groundnut , Soyabean

4. Flowers Marigold

5. Vegetables Brinjal, Okra , Chilli , Tomato ,

Bottle-guard
6. Fruits Guava. Mango,Jackfriut

7. Cash crop Sugarcane

8. Spices Chilli,Coriander

Table No.7
From above table it has been estimated that the information related to
Agribusiness activities major crop are wheat. sorghum., maize, paddy, gram, black gram, green
gram, cowpea, groundnut. Soyabean, bajra, okra, chilli, tomato, bottle-guard, guava,
mango, sugarcane.

23
 3.7 Information of the Host Farmer

3.7.1 General Information of the Host Farmer

Name of the Host Farmer : Mr. Shivaji Nathuji Muluk

A) Sex Male

b)Age(Years) 66

c)Education 4th

D) Category of the Small : below 2 Ha

host farmer Medium : 2.01 to 4 Ha ( 2.40 Ha)
Large : above 4 Ha

E) Address Village : Akharwadi

Taluka : Khed
District : Pune
Phone no. : 9552091242

Table No.8

Above table provides the general information of the host farmer . The name of my
host farmer was Mr. Shantaram Vithoba Rakshe . The age of my host farmer was 78 Years.
He is having medium land holding(2.80 ha).

24
 3.7.2 Members Of host farmer

SR. NAME SEX RELATION AGE EDUCA OCCUPA

NO. WITH HEAD TION -TION
OF FAMILY

1. Nanda Shivaji Female Wife 60 2nd Farming

Muluk

2. Nitin Shivaji Male Son 47 11th Farming

Muluk

3 Ashok Shivaji Male Son 45 FY BA Farming

Muluk

4 Rupali Nitin Female Daughter in 40 11th Farming

Muluk Law

5 Deepali Ashok Female Daughter in 34 10th Farming

Muluk Law

6 Bhumika Nitin Female Grand 20 SY Student

Muluk Daughter ENGG

7 Sakshi Nitin Female Grand 19 FY Student

Muluk Daughter Dfarm

8 Soham Nitin Male Grand Son 11 7th Student

Muluk

9 Sahil Ashok Male Grand Son 16 11th Student

Muluk

10 Pradnya Ashok Female Grand 12 8th Student

Muluk Daughter

Table No.9
Above table provides information about the family members . There are total 6 members in
the family

25
26
 3.7.3 Information about Land

SR PLOT AREA(Ha) SOIL PRESENT LAND

NO NO. TYPE VALUE REVENU
Irrigated Unirrig-ated E
AND
OTHER
TAX (rs)

1. 215 - Black 1.91Cr 200

2. 368 A/B 1.98Ha - Black 1.98Cr 200

3. 436 0.46 Ha - Black 46Lakh 50

Table No.10
The previous table provides information about land of the host farmer . The land of the host
farmer was distributed in the plot no. 217,212,,[Link] area of the host farmer is 4.35 Ha.
which was irrigated. The present value of land is 4,28,00,000Cr.

27
 3.7.4 Source of Irrigation and area Irrigated
SR SOURCE NO. AREA IRRIGATED (Ha)
NO
4 MONTHS 8 MONTHS PERENNIAL

1. Wells 2 4.35 Ha

2. Canal 1 4.35 Ha

Table No.11
The farmer was having river to irrigate the farm area. The area irrigated by river was 4.35 Ha

3.7.5 Information about Building

SR. TYPE OF YEAR OF PRESENT

NO. CATEGORY CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION VALUE

1. Residential Pakka 2001 13Lakh

House
2. Cattle Byre Patra shed 2002 4Lakh

Table No.12
The residential house of the farmer was constructed in 2001and cattle byre in 2002.

28
3.7.6 Information about Livestock
SR. CATEGORY BREED NO. OF PRESENT
NO. ANIMALS VALUE
1. Cows

a)Local cows H.F 12 10,00,000/-

i)In Milk 6 6,00,000/-
ii)Dry 6 4,00,000/-

a)Local Cows 1 60,000/-

i) In Milk Gir 1 60,000/-

ii) Dry - -

2. Draught Animals
A)Bullocks Khillari 3 7,00,000/-
B)Buffaloes - - -
2. Heifers

(a) Cow Heifers Gir 1 5,000 /-

(b) crossbreed - - -
3. Goats
(a) Adult does Osmanabadi 2 18,000/-
4. Other Animals
a)Horse (Female) Bhimthadi 1 40,000/-
TOTAL 20 18,23,000

Table No. 13
. The present value of livestock is 18,23,000

29
SR. CATEGORY NUMBER PRESENT
NO. VALUE
(Rs.)

A) IMPLEMENTS

a) Wooden plough - -

b) Seed drill - -

(i) Local - -

(ii) Improved - -

c) Harrow - -

d) Hoes - -

e) Clod crusher - -

B) EQUIPMENTS

a) Bullock cart 1 10,000/-

b)Duster - -

c)Sprayer 1(15Liter) 4,000/-

d)Pudding machine 1 30,000/-

e)Thresher(Hand Operator) 1 15,000/-

C) MACHINERY

a)Electric Motar 4(5,5,3,2HP) 72,000/-

b)Oil Engine 1 80,000/-

c)Tractor 2

d)Power Tiller 1 80,000/-

e)Truck - -

f)Power Sprayer 1 12,000/-

30
g)Thresher 1 30,000/-
 D) HAND TOOLS

a) Shovel 2 500

b) Sickle 4 400

c) Spade 2 300

d)Saw 1 250

e)Axe 1 350

Table No. 14
Above tables provides information regarding implements and machinery of the host farmer.
The host farmer was having various implements and machineries .The present value of the
implements and machinery was Rs. 7,21,000

31
3.7.8 Household Assets

SR. NO. PARTICULARS NUMBER VALUE (Rs)

1. Two wheeler 2 1,20,000/-
2. Four Wheeler 1 6,50,000/-
3. Music System - -
4. Refrigerator 1 15,000/-
5. Mixer cum grinder 1 3,000/-
6. Television 2 20000/-
7. Other
i)Heater 1 1500/-
ii)Tabel Fan 1 6,000/--
TOTAL 8,15,500/-

Table No. 15
The farmer was having various household assets worth Rs 8,15,500

3.7.9 Annual Income

SR. NO. SOURCE AMOUNT(Rs.)

1. Crops 12,01,000

2. Livestock 7,43,000

TOTAL 18,01,000/-

Table No. 16

The annual income of the farmer Rs 18,01,000

32
33
 3.8 Present cropping Pattern
SEASO PLO CRO VARIETY ARE YIELD RA GROSS %
N T P A (kg/plot) T E VALUE(R
NO. (ha) (per S
by
kg) )
main

KHARI 259 Padd Indrayani 1.40 8400 360 30 2,52,000 20.9

F 260 y 0 8
260 Soya- Soyabean 0.60 1500 350 40 60,0 5.0
259 bean No-4 0 00
RABI 260 Whea Lokwan 0.60 2000 30 60,000 5.0
t
260 Grou JL- 0.40 1000 80 80,000 6.66
- 24(Phule-
ndnut pragati)
260 Onio Panchagan 0.60 1000 15 1,50,000 12.4
n ga 0 9
260 bajra Ankur 0.60 3000 25 75,000 6.24

259 Okra Samrat 0.60 1000 20 2,00000 16.6

0 5

34
PERENNIAL 259 sugarcane Co86032 1.20 1,20,000 2.7 3,24,000 26.98

6.00 12,01,000 100

Table No. 17

Above table provides the information regarding the present cropping pattern of
the host farmer . Farmer had cultivated Paddy, Soyabean during kharif season. Wheat, Onion,
Bajra, Groundnut during rabi season. Okra in summer season and Sugarcane in
perennial
season . From above cropping pattern he had earned Rs. 12,01,000.

35
3.9 Depreciation And Interest On Fixed Capital

SR PARTI- PRESE- RATE USEFUL JUNK DEPRIC- FIXED

NO CULARS NT LIFE VALU IATION CAPITA
VALUE (%) E L

1. Building 433333 2.5 20 10833.33 21124.98 433333

2. Seed drill 3500 10 10 350 315 3500

3. Harrow 1000 15 10 150 85 1000

4. Hoes 600 15 5 90 102 600

5 Clod 20000 10 10 2000 1800 20000

crusher

6. Sprayer 4000 15 5 600 680 4000

7. Electric 20000 10 5 2000 3600 20000

motor

8. Tractor 520000 12 15 62400 30506 520000

9. Trolley 150000 12 5 18000 26400 150000

10. Shovel 500 25 5 125 75 500

11. Sickle 200 25 5 50 30 200

36
 12. Spade 300 25 5 75 45 300

13. Axe 400 25 5 100 60 400

14 Koyta 300 25 5 75 45 300

Total 84,847.98 11,54,133

Interest on Fixed Capital @ 10% of total fixed capital = 1,15,413.3/-

Table No. 18
Above table provides information regarding depreciation and interest on fixed capital . The
farmer was having assets wort Rs. 11,54,133. The Interest on fixed capital is Rs . 1,15,413.3

37
3.9.1 Distribution of Depreciation and Interest on Fixed capital
for each crop
SR. CROP AREA CROP WISE % CROPWISE %
NO. DEPRECIATION
NAME INTEREST

1. Paddy 1.40 19802.53 23.33 26929.77 23.33

2. Soyabean 0.60 8486.80 10 11541.33 10

3. Wheat 0.60 8486.80 10 11541.33 10

4. Groundnut 0.40 5657.87 6.67 7694.22 6.67

5. Onion 0.60 8486.80 10 11541.33 10

6. Bajra 0.60 8486.80 10 11541.33 10

7. Okra 0.60 8486.80 10 11541.33 10

8. Sugarcane 1.20 16973.60 20 23082.66 20

TOTAL 6.00 84868 100% 115413.3 100%

Table No. 19

Interest on Fixed Capital for Each Crop= Total Interest on Fixed Capital *Crop Area
Gross cropped Area

Depreciation Charges for Each Crop = Total Depreciation

*Crop
Gross Crop Area
Above table provides information about the distribution of interest Area
on fixed capital on each
crop. From the above table it has been estimated that the interest charges incurred on
Paddy crop is highest (23.33%) and followed by Sugarcane crop(20%).

38
 Crop wise Depreciation charges and
23.33 interest on fixed capital
20

10 10 10 10 10
6.67

Figure no.2

39
3.10 Land Revenue for each crop
SR. CROP CROP AREA CROPWISE LAND PERCENT
NO. (Ha) REVENUE

1. Paddy 1.40 28.21 23.33

2. Soyabean 0.60 12.09 10

3. Wheat 0.60 12.09 10

4. Groundnut 0.40 8.06 6.67

5. Onion 0.60 12.09 10

6. Bajra 0.60 12.09 10

7. Okra 0.60 12.09 10

8. Sugarcane 1.20 24.18 20

TOTAL 6.00 120.9 100 %

Table No.20
Crop wise land revenue = Total land revenue X crop area

Gross crop area

Above table provides information about Land Revenue for each crop. From above
table it has been estimated that the Land Revenue incurred by Paddy Rs. 28.21(23.33%) and
is followed by Sugarcane Rs. 24.18(20%).

40
 Crop wise Land revenue
23.33

20

10 10 10 10 10
6.67

Figure no.3

41
3.11 Crop wise Incidental Charges

SR. CROP NAME CROP AREA CWIC PERCENT

N0. %

1. Paddy 1.40 583.33 23.33

2. Soyabean 0.60 250 10

3. Wheat 0.60 250 10

4. Groundnut 0.40 166.67 6.67

5. Onion 0.60 250 10

6. Bajra 0.60 250 10

7. 0kra 0.60 250 10

8. Sugarcane 1.20 500 20

TOTAL 6.00 2500 100 %

Table No. 21

Crop wise incidental charges : Total incidental charges *Crop Area

Gross Crop Area

Above table provides information about Crop wise incidental charges on various crops.
From above table it has been estimated that the Incidental charges incurred by Paddy Rs.
583.33(23.33%) and is followed by Sugarcane crop Rs. 500 (20%)

42
 Crop wise incidental charges
23.33
20

10 10 10 10 10
6.67

Figure No 4

43
3.12 Irrigation Charges

MMC = Electricity bill ( whole year ) + minor repair

Total running of water

= 20,000 + 3000
629

MMC = 36.57

Fixed Capital : Electric Motor

Interest on fixed capital of irrigation @ 10% = 70,000
= Rs. 7000

44
3.12 .1 Irrigation Charges

SR. CROP NAME AREA NO. OF HOUR/IRRI. TOTAL

NO. IRRIGATION
HOURS
1. Paddy 1.40 8 4 32

2. Soyabean 0.60 2 5 10

3. Wheat 0.60 8 6 48

4. Groundnut 0.40 15 5 75

5. Onion 0.60 11 5 55

6. Bajra 0.60 3 8 24

7. Okra 0.60 35 5 175

8. Sugarcane 1.20 30 7 210

629
Hours

Table No.22
Above table provide the information about the total irrigation hours that is 629 hrs and also
given given the number of irrigation and irrigation hrs for each crop

45
3.12.2 Irrigation Charges of Each crop

SR. CROP NAME AREA IRRIGATION %

NO. CHARGES

1. Paddy 1.40 2803.57 9.34

2 Soyabean 0.60 1065.7 3.55

3. Wheat 0.60 2455.36 8.18

4. Groundnut 0.40 3209.42 10.69

5. Onion 0.60 2711.35 9.03

6. Bajra 0.60 1597.68 5.32

7. Okra 0.60 7099.75 23.65

8. Sugarcane 1.20 9079.7 30.24

TOTAL 6.00 30022.53 100 %

Table No.23

Above table provides information about irrigation charges of each crop on various
crops. From above table it has been estimated that the irrigation charges incurred by
Sugarcane Rs. 9079.7 is maximum Irrigation charges Followed by Okra crop Rs. 7099.754

CROP WISE IRRIGATION CHARGES

MMC x Irrigation hours + Interest on IC x Crop area

Gross crop area

46
 Crop wise Irrigation charges
35
30.24
30
23.46 23.65
25

20

15
10.69
8.18 9.03
10
5.32
5 3.55

Figure No.5

47
3.13 Abstract of overhead costs :
Crop Crop wise Crop wise Crop wise Crop wise Crop wise
depreciation Interest irrigation land
charges incidental revenue
charges
Paddy 19802.53 26929.77 2803.57 583.33 28.21

Soyabean 8486.80 11541.33 1065.7 250 12.09

Wheat 8486.80 11541.33 2455.36 250 12.09

Groundnut 5657.87 7694.22 3209.42 166.67 8.06

Onion 8486.80 11541.33 2711.35 250 12.09

Bajra 8486.80 11541.33 1597.68 250 12.09

Okra 8486.80 11541.33 7099.75 250 12.09

Sugarcane 16973.60 23082.66 9079.7 500 24.18

Table No.24
Above table gives abstract information of all overhead costs incurred by the
farmer

48
3.14 Abstract of crops cultivated
Season Crop Are Variety Yield Gross Cost of BC Marketi
a (Kg) incom cultivatio R ng cost
e n
Kharif Paddy 1.4 Indrayani 8400 2,52,0 1,12,692. 1.6 4880
0 00 9 2

Soyabea 0.6 Soyabean 1500 60,000 95,670.2 1.1 -

n 0 No.4 1

Rabi Wheat 0.6 Lokwan 2000 60,000 97582.22 1.0 1800

0 2

Ground 0.4 JL- 1000 80,000 1,32,294 1.5 -

nut 0 24(Phule 1
Pragati
Onion 0.6 Panchaga 1000 1,50,0 1,75,824. 1.4 9200
0 nga 0 00 75 2

Bajra 0.6 Ankur 3000 75,000 94969.69 1.3 2600

0 1

Summ Okra 0.6 Samrat 1000 2,0000 1,66,842. 2.0 20500

er 0 0 0 76 0

Perenn Sugarca 1.2 Co86032 1200 3,24,0 1,66,055. 1.6 -

ial ne 0 00 00 63 3

Table No.25
Above table provides abstract information of each crop

49
NAME OF THE CROP : Paddy
AREA : 1.40 Ha
VARIET : Indrayani
Y : Kharif
SEASON

50
3.15.1 Crop wise Input Used By Host Farmer For Paddy Crop
Sr. Items Of Cost Unit Per Plot Per Ha.
No. Value
Rate Valu
Qty. e
(Rs.)
1. Hired Human Labor

(a) Male Days 20 350 7000 5000

(b) Female Days 40 300 12000 8571.43

2. Owned Machinery used

a)Ploughing
b)Rotavator Hr 1 800 800 571.43
Hr 7 1200 8400 6000
3. Seed purchased Kg 25 25 625 446.43

4. Manure Tons 6 2000 12,000 8571.43

5. Fertilizers [Link] Kg 400 24 9600 6857.14

Straight[Urea] Kg 200 7 1400 1000

6. Pesticide[Carbofuran] Lit 5 180 900 642.86

Table No.26
Above table provides information about crop wise inputs used by host farmer for
paddy crop

51
3.15.2 Input Management For Paddy Crop
SR. PARTICULARS USAGE UNIVERSITY SUGGESTION
NO. BY RECOMMENDATIO
N
FARME (kg/ha)
R
(kg/
ha)

1. Seeds 25 25-40

2. Fertilizer

N 94 120 Using Of proper

dose of NPK

P 74 60

K 74 60

Table No.27
Above table shows the farmer use less fertilizer dose than university recommonded

52
 3.15.3 Per Hectare Cost Of Cultivation For Paddy Crop

Sr. Items Of Cost Unit Per Plot Per Ha. %

No. Value
Rate (Rs.)
Valu
Qty. e
(Rs.)

1. Hired Human Labor

(a) Male Days 20 350 7,000 5000 4.44

(b) Female Days 40 300 12,000 8571.43 7.61

2. Owned Machinery used

a)Ploughing Hr 1 800 800 571.43 0.51
b)rotavator 7 1200 8,400 6000 5.32
Hr

3. Seed purchased Kg 25 25 625 446.43 0.40

4. Manure Tons 6 2000 12,000 8571.43 7.61

5. Fertilizers [Link] Kg 400 24 9,600 6857.14 6.08

Straight [Urea] Kg 200 7 1,400 1000 0.85

6. Pesticide[Carbofuran] Lit 5 180 900 642.68 0.57

53
8. Irrigation Rs. 2,803.57 2002.55 1.78
charges
9. Incidental Rs. 583.33 416.66 0.37
charges
10. Total working Rs. 56,111.9 40079.93 35.57
capital
11. Interest on Rs. 3,366.71 2,404.80 2.13
working
capital for full
crop period
(6%)
12. Land revenue Rs. 28.21 20.15 0.02
& other cesses
13. Depreciation Rs 19,802.53 14,144.66 12.55
on implement ,
machinery &
building
14. COST A Rs. 79,309.35 56649.54 50.27

15. Interest on Rs. 26,929.77 19235.55 17.07

fixed capital
excluding land
( 10% on
fixed
investment)
16. Rental value Rs. 42,000 30000 26.62
of owned land
th
(1/6 of gross
return )
17. COST B Rs. 1,48239.12 1,05885.09 93.96

54
 18 Family Labour Rs 2 350 700 500 0.44
Charges 3 300 900 642.86 0.57
a)Male Rs
b)Female

19. Supervision Rs. 7,930.94 5,664.95 5.03

Charges
(10% Of Cost
A)
20. Cost C Rs. 1,57,770.06 1,12,692.9 100

Table No.28
From above table it has been estimated that per hectare total working capital was
Rs.
40079.93, Cost A Rs. 56649.94, Cost B Rs. 105885.09 and Cost C Rs. 112692.9

3.16.4 Yield and income measures of Paddy crop

SR. ITEM UNIT PER PLOT PER
NO. HECTAR
Qty. Rate Valu E
e
(Rs.)
1. Main product Kg 8400 30 2,52,000 1,80,000

2. By product Pendhi 360 10 3600 2571.43

Gross income 2,55,600 1,82,571.43

Table No.29
From above table it has been estimated that the yield obtained in the form of main product
was 8400kg. the gross value of the crop was Rs. 2,55,600

55
3.15.5 Analytical Measures of Farm Income
Used
1. Farm Business Gross Income- 182571.43- 125921.89
Income(FBI) CostA 56649.54

2. Family Labour Gross Income- 182571.43- 76686.34

Income(FLI) CostB 105885.09

3. Net Income(NI) Gross Income- 182571.43- 69878.53

CostC 112692.9

4. Farm Invest Income FBI-Family Labour 125921.89-1142.86 124779.03

(FII)

5. Benefit Cost Ratio Gross Income/ 182571.43/112692.9 1.62

Cost C

6. Net Cost C Cost C-Value Of 112692.9-2571.43 110121.47

By Product

7. Per Quintal Cost Of Net Cost 110121.47/60 1835.36

Production C/Yield(Qt)

8. Per Hectare Cost Of Net Cost 110121.47/1 110121.47

Production C/Area(Ha)

Table No.30
Above table provides information about the analytical measures of farm income . From
above table it has been estimated that the Net income obtained by the farmer was Rs
69878.53 the BC Ratio was 1.62

56
NAME OF THE CROP : Soyabean
AREA : 0.60
VARIETY :SoyabeanNO4
SEASON : Kharif

57
3.16.1 Crop wise Input Used By Host Farmer For Soyabean Crop
Sr. Items Of Cost Unit Per Plot Per Ha.
No. Value
Rate Valu
Qty. e
(Rs.)
1. Hired Human Labor

(a) Male Days 1 400 400 666.67

(b) Female Days 25 250 6,250 10416.67

2. Owned Machinery
used
a)Ploughing Hrs 2 800 1,600 2666.67
b)Rotavator Hrs 1 1200 1,200 2000
Hired Machinery Hrs 2 1000 2,000 3333.33
Used
3. Seed purchased Kg 35 120 4,200 7000

4. Manure Tons 1 2000 2,000 3333.33

5. Fertilizers

a) Mixed [Link] Kg 100 20 2,000 3333.33

6. Weedicide ml 300 500 833.33

7. Pesticide ml 300 500 833.33

Table No.31
Above table provides information about crop wise input used by host farmer for
soyabean crop

58
3.16.2 Input Management for Soyabean Crop
SR. PARTICULARS UNIVERSITY SUGGESTION
NO. USAGE RECOMMENDATIO
BY N
(kg/ha)
FARME
R

(kg/ha)
1. Seeds 58.33 45-60 -

2. Fertilizer

N 30 25 -

P 76 50 Avoid
extra use
K 0 0 of NP

Table No.32

The fertilizer used by farmer is more than recommended Doses.

3.16.3 Per Hectare Cost of Cultivation For Soyabean Crop

59
Sr. Items Of Cost Unit Per Plot Per Ha. %
No. Value
Qty. Rate Value (Rs.)

1. Hired Human
Labor
(a) Male Days 1 400 400 666.67 0.70

(b) Female Days 25 250 6,250 10416.67 10.89

2. Owned
Machinery used
a)Ploughing
b)Rotavator Hrs 2 800 1,600 2666.67 2.79
Hired Machinery Hrs 1 1200 1,200 2000 2.09
Used Hrs 2 1000 2,000 3333.33 3.48
3. Seed purchased Kg 35 120 4,200 7000 7.31

4. Manure Tons 1 2000 2,000 3333.33 3.48

5. Fertilizers

(a) Mixed Kg 100 20 2,000 3333.33 3.48

[Link]
6. Weedicide Ml 300 500 833.33 0.87

7. Pesticide Ml 300 500 833.33 0.87

8. Irrigation Rs. 1,065.7 1776.17 1.86

charges

9. Incidental Rs. 250 416.67 0.43

charges

10. Total Rs. 21,965.7 36609.5 46.68

working
capital

11. Interest on Rs. 1,317.9 2196.57 2.30

working capital
for full crop
period (6%)

12. Land Rs. 12.09 20.15 0.02

revenue &
other cesses

13. 8,486.80 14144.67 14.78

Depreciation on
implement , 60
 machinery &
building

14. COST A Rs. 31,782.49 52970.89 55.37

15. Interest on fixed Rs. 11,541.33 19235.55 20.11

capital excluding
land
( 10% on fixed
investment)

16. Rental value of Rs. 10,000 16666.67 17.42

owned land
(1/6th of gross
return )

17. COST B Rs. 53,323.82 88873.11 92.89

18. Family labor

charges
(a) Male Days 1 400 400 666.67 0.70

(b) Female Days 2 250 500 833.33 0.87

19. Supervision Rs. 3,178.25 5297.09 5.54

charges
(10% of COST
A)
20 COST C 57,402.07 95670.2 100

Table No.33
From above table it has been estimated that per hectare total working capital was
Rs.36609.5 Cost A was Rs.52970.89. Cost B was Rs.88873.11 and Cost C Rs. 95670.2

61
3.16.4 Yield and income measures of soyabean crop
SR. ITEM UNIT PER PLOT PER
NO. HECTAR
Qty. Rate Valu E
e
(Rs.)
1. Main product Kg 1500 40 60,000 100000

2. By product Ton 1 - 3,500 5833.33

Gross income 63,500 1,05,833.33

Table No.34
From above table it has been estimated that the yield obtained in the form of main product
was 1500 Kg and gross value of soyabean crop was Rs 63500

62
3.16.5 Analytical Measures Of Soyabean Crop

1. Farm Business Gross income - 105833.33-52970.89 52862.44

Income Cost A
(FBI)

2. Family Labor Gross income - 105833.33-88873.11 16960.22

Income Cost B
(FLI)

3. Net Income Gross income- 105833.33-95670.2 10163.13

(NI) Cost C

4. Farm FBI-Family 52862.44-1500 51362.44

Investment Labor Charges
Income(FII)

5. Benefit-Cost Gross income/ 105833.33/95670.2 1.11

Ratio Cost C
(BCR)

6. Net Cost C Cost C-Value 95670.2-5833.33 89836.87

Of By Product

7. Per Quintal Net Cost 89836.87/25 3593.47

cost of C/Yield(Qt)
production
8. Per Hectare Net Cost 89836.87/1 89836.87
cost of C/Area(Ha)
production

Table No.35
Above table provides information about the analytical measures of farm income from above
table it has been estimated that the Net Income obtained by the farmer was Rs 10163.13 the
BC Ratio Was 1.11

63
NAME OF THE CROP : Wheat
AREA : 0.60
VARIET :
Y Lokwan
SEASON : Rabi

64
3.17.1 Crop wise Input Used By Host Farmer For Wheat Crop
Sr. Items Of Cost Unit Per Plot Per Ha.
No. Value
Rate Valu
Qty. e
(Rs.)
1. Hired Human Labor

(a) Male Days 7 300 2100 3500

(b) Female Days 12 200 2400 4000

2. Owned Machinery used

a)Ploughing Hrs 4 800 3200 5333.33
b)Rotavator Hrs 1 1200 1200 2000
c)Bed Cultivator Hrs 1 800 800 1333.33
d)Cultivator Hrs 1 800 800 1333.33
Hired Machinery Used Hrs 6 400 2400 4000

3. Seed purchased Kg 61 30 1830 3050

4. Manure Tons 1 2000 2000 3333.33

5. Fertilizers

(a) Mixed [Link] Kg 100 24 2400 4000

(b) Straight[Urea] Kg 100 7 700 1166.67

6. Pesticide ml 300 500 833.33

Table No.36
Above table provides information about crop wise input used by
host farmer for wheat crop

65
3.17.2 Input Management For Wheat Crop
SR. PARTICULARS USAGE UNIVERSITY SUGGESTION
NO. BY RECOMMENDATIO
N
FARME (kg/ha)
R

(kg/ha)
1. Seeds 101 100-125 -

2. Fertilizer

N 103 120 Using proper

dose

P 43 60 Of NPK

K 43 60

Table No.37
The fertilizers used by farmer is less than the university
recommended Doses.

66
 3.17.3 Per Hectare Cost of Cultivation For Wheat Crop
Sr. Items Of Cost Unit Per Plot Per Ha.
Value %
No
Rate Value (Rs.)
Qty.

1. Hired Human Labor

(a) Male Days 7 300 2100 3500 3.59

(b) Female Days 12 200 2400 4000 4.10

2. Owned Machinery
Use
a)Ploughing Hrs 4 800 3200 5333.33 5.47
b)Rotavator Hrs 1 1200 1200 2000 2.05
c)Bed Cultivator Hrs 1 800 800 1333.33 1.39
d)Cultivator Hrs 1 800 800 1333.3 1.39
Hired Machinery 3
Used 6
Hrs 400 2400 4000 4.10
3. Seed purchased Kg 61 30 1830 3050 3.13

4. Manure Tons 1 2000 2000 3333.33 3.42

5. Fertilizers (a)Urea Kg 100 7 700 1166.67 1.20

(b) Mixed[Link] Kg 100 24 2400 4000 4.10

7. Pesticide ml 300 500 833.33 0.85

8. Irrigation charges Rs. 2455.36 4092.27 4.19

9. Incidental charges Rs. 250 416.67 0.43

10. Total working Rs. 23035.36 38392.26 39.34

capital

67
11. Interest on working Rs. 1382.12 2303.53 2.36
capital for full
crop period (6%)

12. Land revenue & other Rs. 12.09 20.15 0.02

cesses

13. Depreciation on 8486.80 14144.67 14.50

implement ,
machinery & building

14. COST A Rs. 32916.37 54860.61 56.22

15. Interest on fixed Rs. 11541.33 19235.55 19.71

capital excluding land
( 10% on fixed
investment)

16. Rental value of Rs. 10000 16666.67 17.08

owned land
(1/6th of gross
return )
17. COST B Rs. 54457.7 90762.83 93.01

18. Family labor charges

(a) Male Days 1 300 300 500 0.51

(b) Female Days 2 250 500 833.33 0.85

19. Supervision charges Rs. 3291.64 5486.06 5.62

(10% of COST A)

20. COST C 58549.34 97582.22 100

Table No.38
From the above table it has been estimated that per hectare total working
capital has Rs. 38,392.26, Cost A was Rs.54860.61 .Cost B was Rs.90762.83 and Cost C was
Rs 97582.22

68
 3.17.4 Yield and Income Measures Of Wheat Crop

SR. ITEM UNIT PER PLOT PER

NO. HECTAR
E
Qty. Rate Valu
e
(Rs.)

1. Main product Kg 2000 30 60000 100000

Gross income 60000 100000

Table No.39
From the above table it has been estimated that the yield obtained in the form of
main product was 2000Kg . The gross value pf the crop was Rs. 60,000.

69
3.17.5 Analytical Measures of Farm Income Used
1. Farm Business Gross income 100000-54860.61 45139.39
Income -Cost A
(FBI)

2. Family Labor Gross income 100000-90762.83 9237.17

Income -Cost B
(FLI)

3. Net Income Gross income- 100000-97582.22 2417.78

(NI) Cost C

4. Farm FBI-Family 45139.39-1333.33 43806.06

Investment Labor Charges
Income(FII)

5. Benefit-Cost Gross 100000/97582.22 1.02

Ratio income/
(BCR) Cos
tC
6. Net Cost C Cost C-Value 97582.22-0 97582.22
Of By Product

7. Per Quintal Net Cost 89836.87/33.33 2695.38

cost of C/Yield(Qt)
production

8. Per Hectare Net Cost 89836.87/1 89836.87

cost of C/Area (Ha)
production

Table No.40
Above table provides information about the analytical measures of farm income .
From above table it has been estimated that the Net income obtained by the farmer was Rs.
2417.78 The B C Ratio was 1.02

70
NAME OF THE CROP :
AREA Groundnut
: 0.40
VARIETY : JL-24(Phule
SEASON : Rabi pragat
i)

71
3.18.2 Input Management for Groundnut Crop
SR. PARTICULARS USAGE UNIVERSITY
NO. BY SUGGESTION
RECOMMENDATION
FARME (kg/ha)
R

(kg/ha)
1. Seeds 100 70-80 -

2. Fertilizer

N 18 25 Using
university
P 46 50 Recommended

K 0 0 Dose of NPK

Table No.42
Above table shows host farmer use less dose of fertilizer than university
recommonded

72
3.18.1 Crop wise Input Used By Host Farmer For Groundnut
Crop
Sr. Items Of Cost Unit Per Plot Per Ha.
No. Value

Rate Value (Rs.)

Qty.

1. Hired Human Labor

(a) Male Days 2 300 600 1500

(b) Female Days 7 200 1400 3500

2. Owned Machinery used

a)Ploughing
b)Rotavator Hrs 5 800 4000 10000
c)Seed Bed Hrs 3 1200 3600 9000
Hrs 1 800 800 2000

3. Seed purchased Kg 40 120 4800 12000

4. Manure Tons 1 2000 2000 5000

5. Fertilizers

(a) Mixed [Link] Kg 50 20 1000 2500

Table No.41

Above table provides information about crop wise input used by host farmer for
groundnut crop

73
 3.18.3 Per Hectare Cost of Cultivation for Groundnut Crop

Sr. Items Of Cost Unit Per Plot Per Ha. %

No. Value
Qty Rate Value(Rs.)

1. Hired Human Labor

(a) Male Days 2 300 600 1500 1.13

(b) Female Days 7 200 1400 3500 2.65

2. Owned Machinery used

a)Ploughing Hrs 5 800 4000 10000 7.56
b)Rotavator Hrs 3 1200 3600 9000 6.80
c)Seed Bed Hrs 1 800 800 2000 1.51

3. Seed purchased Kg 40 120 4800 12000 9.07

4. Manure Tons 1 2000 2000 5000 3.78

5. Fertilizers

(a) Mixed [Link] Kg 50 20 1000 2500 1.89

8. Irrigation charges Rs. 3209.42 8023.55 6.06

74
9. Incidental charges Rs. 166.67 416.68 0.31

10. Total working capital Rs. 21576.09 53940.23 40.77

11. Interest on working capital Rs. 1294.57 3236.43 2.45

for full crop period (6%)

12. Land revenue & other cases Rs. 8.06 19.19 0.01

13. Depreciation on implement , 5657.87 14144.68 10.69

machinery & building

14. COST A Rs. 28536.59 71341.48 53.93

15. Interest on fixed capital Rs. 7694.22 19235.55 14.54

excluding land
( 10% on fixed
investment)

16. Rental value of owned land Rs. 13333.33 33333.33 25.20

th
(1/6 of gross return )

17. COST B Rs. 49564.14 123910.36 93.66

18. Family labor charges

(a) Male Day 1 300 300 750 0.57

s
(b) Female Day 1 200 200 500 0.38
s
19. Supervision charges Rs. 2853.66 7134.15 5.39
(10% of COST A)

20. COST C 52917.8 132294.51 100

Table No.43
From above table it has been estimated that per hectare total working capital was Rs.
53,940.23 , Cost A Was Rs.71341.48, Cost B Rs 123910.36 and Cost C was Rs.
132294.51

74
3.18.4 Yield and Income Measures of Groundnut Crop
SR. ITEM UNIT PER PLOT PER
NO. HECTAR
Qty. Rate Valu E
e
(Rs.)
1. Main product Kg 1000 80 80000 200000

Gross income 80000 200000

Table No.44
From above table it has been estimated that the yield obtained in the form of main
product was 1000 Kg and The gross value of the crop was Rs. 80000.

76
3.18.5 Analytical Measures of Farm Income Used

1. Farm Business Gross income - 200000-71341.48 128658.52

Income Cost A
(FBI)
2. Family Labor Gross income - 200000-123910.36 76089.64
Income Cost B
(FLI)
3. Net Income Gross income- 200000-132294.51 67705.49
(NI) Cost C

4. Farm FBI-Family 128658.52-1250 127408.52

Investment Labor Charges
Income(FII)
5. Benefit-Cost Gross income/ 200000/132294.51 1.51
Ratio Cost C
(BCR)
6. Net Cost C Cost C –Value 132294.51-0 132294.51
Of By
Product
7. Per Quintal Net Cost 132294.51/25 5291.78
cost of C/Yield(Qtl)
production
8. Per Hectare Net Cost 132294.51/1 132294.51
cost of C/Area(Ha)
production

Table No.45
Above table provides information about the analytical measures of farm income. From
above table it has been estimated that the Net Income obtained by the farmer was Rs.
67705.49 the B C Ratio was 1.51

77
NAME OF THE CROP :
AREA
Onion : 0.60
VARIET : Panchaganga
Y : Rabi
SEASON

78
3.19.1 Crop wise Input Used By Host Farmer For Onion Crop
Sr. Items Of Cost Unit Per Plot Per Ha.
No. Value
Rate Valu
Qty. e
(Rs.)
1. Hired Human Labor

(a) Male Days 12 300 3600 6000

(b) Female Days 35 200 7000 11666.67

2. Owned Machinery
used
a)Ploughing Hrs 5 800 4000 6666.67
b)Rotavator Hrs 3 1200 3600 6000
3. Seed Purchased Kg 5 4000 20000 33333.33

4. Manure Tons 2 2000 4000 6666.67

5. Fertilizer (a) Urea Kg 200 7 1400 2333.33

(b) Mixed Kg 100 24 2400 4000

6. Fungicide Lit 1 800 800 133.33

7. Weedicide Lt 1 100 100 166.67

8. Pesticide Lt 1/2 - 400 666.67

Table No.46

Above table provides information about crop wise inputs used by host farmer for
Onion crop

79
3.19.2 Input Management for Onion Crop
SR. PARTICULARS USAGE UNIVERSITY
NO. BY RECOMMENDATIO SUGGESTION
N
FARME (kg/ha)
R
(kg/
ha)
1. Seeds 8.33 8-10 -

2. Fertilizer

N 102 100 Proper use of

P 43 50 NPK

K Table43No.47 50

80
3.19.3 Per Hectare Cost of Cultivation for Onion Crop
Sr. Items Of Cost Unit Per Plot Per Ha. %
No. Value
Rate Value(Rs.)
Qty.
1. Hired Human Labor
(a) Male Days 12 300 3600 6000 3.41
(b) Female Days 35 200 7000 11666.67 6.64
2. Owned Machinery
used
a)Ploughing
Hrs 5 800 4000 6666.67 3.79
b)Rotavator
1200 3600 6000 3.41
3
Hrs

3. Value of owned seed Kg 5 4000 20000 33333.33 18.96

4. Manure Tons 2 2000 4000 6666.67 3.79

5. Fertilizer (a) Urea Kg 200 7 1400 2333.33 1.33
(b) Mixed [Link] Kg 100 24 2400 4000 2.27
6. Fungicide Lit 1 800 800 1333.33 0.76
6. Weedicide Lit 1 100 100 166.67 0.09
7. Pesticide Lit 1/2 400 666.67 0.38
8. Irrigation charges Rs. 2711.35 4518.92 2.57
9. Incidental charges Rs. 250 416.67 0.24

10. Total working Rs. 50261.35 83768.93 47.64

capital
11. Interest on Rs. 3015.68 5026.13 2.86
working capital
for full crop
period (6%)
12. Land revenue Rs. 12.09 20.15 0.01
& other cesses

81
 13. Depreciation on 8486.80 14144.67 8.04
implement ,
machinery &
building

14. COST A Rs. 61775.92 102959.88 58.56

15. Interest on Rs. 11541.33 19235.55 10.94

fixed capital
excluding land
( 10% on
fixed
investment)
16. Rental value of Rs. 25000 41666.67 23.70
owned land
th
(1/6 of gross
return )
17. COST B Rs. 98317.25 163862.08 93.20

18. Family labor

charges

(a) Male Days 2 300 600 1000 0.57

(b) Female Days 2 200 400 666.67 0.38

19. Supervision Rs. 6177.59 10295.99 5.86

charges
(10% of COST
A)

20. COST C 105494.84 175824.74 100

Table No.48
From above table it has been estimated that per hectare total working capital was
Rs.83868.93. Cost A Rs .102959.88, Cost B was Rs.163862.08, and Cost C was Rs.
175824.74.

82
3.19.4 Yield and Income Measures of Onion Crop
SR. ITEM UNIT PER PLOT PER
NO. HECTAR
Qty. Rate Valu E
e
(Rs.)
1. Main product Kg 10000 15 150000 250000

Gross income 150000 250000

Table No.49

From above table it has been estimated that the yield obtained in the form of main
product was 10000Kg and. The gross value of the crop was Rs. 1,50,000.

83
3.19.5 Analytical Measures of Farm Income Used
1. Farm Business Gross income - 250000-102959.88 147040.12
Income Cost A
(FBI)
2. Family Labor Gross income - 250000-163862.08 86137.92
Income Cost B
(FLI)
3. Net Income Gross income- 250000-175824.74 74175.26
(NI) Cost C

4. Farm FBI-Family 147040.12-1666.67 145373.45

Investment Labor Charges
Income(FII)
5. Benefit-Cost Gross income/ 250000/175824.74 1.42
Ratio Cost C
(BCR)
6. Net Cost C Cost C – Value 175824.74-0 175824.74
of by product

7. Per quintal Net Cost 175824.74/166.67 1054.93

cost of C/Yield(Qty)
production

8. Per hectare Net Cost 175824.74/1 175824.74

cost of C/Area(Ha)
production
Table No.50
Above table provides information about the analytical measures of farm income . From
above table it has been estimated that the Net income obtained by the farmer was Rs.
74,175.26 the B C Ratio was 1.42

84
NAME OF THE CROP : Bajra
AREA : 0.60 Ha
VARIET : Ankur
Y : Rabi
SEASON

85
3.20.1 Crop wise Input Used By Host Farmer For Bajra Crop
Sr. Items Of Cost Unit Per Plot Per Ha.
No. Value
Rate Value (Rs.)
Qty.
1. Hired Human Labor

(a) Male Days 7 300 2100 3500

(b) Female Days 15 200 3000 5000

2. Owned Machinery used

a)Ploughing
b)Rotavator Hrs 4 800 2400 4000
Hired Machinery Used Hrs 1 1200 1200 2000
Hrs 3 400 1200 2000

3. Seed purchased Kg 3 20 60 100

4. Manure Tons 1 2000 2000 3333.33

5. Fertilizers(a)Urea Kg 200 7 1400 2333.33

(b) Mixed [Link] Kg 150 24 3600 6000

6. Fungicide [M-45] Lit 1 825 825 1375

Table No.51

Above table provides information about crop wise inputs used by host farmer
for Bajra
crop.

86
3.20.2 Input Management for Bajra crop

SR. PARTICULARS USAGE UNIVERSITY SUGGESTION

NO. BY RECOMMENDATIO
N
FARME (kg/ha)
R

(kg/ha)
1. Seeds 3 3-5 -

2. Fertilizer

N 115 100 Avoid excess use

P 65 50 Of NPK

K 65 50

Table No.52
The fertilizer used by farmer is more than the recommended dose

87
 3.20.3 Per Hectare Cost of Cultivation for Bajra crop
Sr. Items Of Cost Unit Per Plot Per Ha. %
No. Value
Qty. Rate Value(Rs.)

1. Hired Human Labor

(a) Male Days 7 300 2100 3500 3.69

(b) Female Days 15 200 3000 5000 5.26

2. Owned Machinery
used
a)Ploughing Hrs 4 800 2400 4000 4.21
b)Rotavator Hrs 1 1200 1200 2000 2.11
Hired Machinery Hrs 3 400 1200 2000 2.11
Used
3. Seed purchased Kg 3 20 60 100 0.11

4. Manure Tons 1 2000 2000 3333.33 3.15

5. Fertilizers(a)Urea Kg 200 7 1400 2333.33 2.46

(b) Mixed [Link] Kg 150 24 3600 6000 6.32

6. Fungicide[M-45] Lit 1 825 825 1375 1.45

8. Irrigation charges Rs. 1597.68 2662.8 2.80

9. Incidental charges Rs. 250 416.67 0.44

88
10. Total Rs. 19632.68 32721.13 34.45
working
capital
11. Interest on Rs. 1177.96 1963.27 2.07
working capital
for full crop
period (6%)

12. Land revenue & Rs. 12.09 20.15 0.02

other cassess

13. Depreciation on 8486.80 14144.67 14.89

implement ,
machinery &
building

14. COST A Rs. 29309.53 48849.22 51.44

15. Interest on fixed Rs. 11541.33 19235.55 20.25

capital excluding
land
( 10% on fixed
investment)

16. Rental value of Rs. 12500 20833.33 21.94

owned land
th
(1/6 of gross
return )

17. COST B Rs. 53350.86 88918.1 93.62

18. Family labor

charges

(a) Male Days 1 300 300 500 0.53

89
 (b) Female Days 2 200 400 666.67 0.70

19. Supervision Rs. 2930.95 4884.92 5.14

charges
(10% of COST
A)

20. COST C 56981.81 94969.69 100

Table No.53
From above table it has been estimated that per hectare total working capital was Rs.
32721.13, Cost A was Rs.48849.22,Cost B was Rs. 88918.1and Cost C was Rs. 94969.69.

90
3.20.4 Yield and Income Measures of Bajra crop
SR. ITEM UNIT PER PLOT PER
NO. HECTAR
E
Qty. Rate Valu
e
(Rs.)

1. Main product Kg 3000 25 75,000 125000

Gross income 75000 125000

Table No.54
From above table it has been estimated that the yield obtained in the form of main
product was 3000Kg . The gross value obtained from the crop was Rs. 75,000

91
3.20.5 Analytical Measures of Farm Income Used

1. Farm Business Gross income -Cost A 125000-48849.22 76150.78

Income
(FBI)

2. Family Labor Gross income -Cost B 125000-88918.1 36081.9

Income
(FLI)

3. Net Income Gross income-Cost C 125000-94969.69 30030.31

(NI)

4. Farm FBI-Family Labor 76150.78-1166.67 74984.11

Investment Charges
Income(FII)

5. Benefit-Cost Gross income/ 125000/94969.69 1.31

Ratio Cost C
(BCR)

6. Net Cost C Cost C-Value Of By 94969.69-0 94969.69

Product

7. Per Quintal Net Cost C/Yield(Qty) 94969.69/50 1899.39

cost of
production

8. Per Hectare Net Cost C/Area(Ha) 94969.69/1 94969.69

cost of
production

Table No.55
Above table provides about the analytical measures of farm income from above table it has
been estimated that the Net Income Obtained by the farmer was Rs. 30030.31 the B C Ratio
Was 1.31

92
NAME OF THE CROP : Okra
AREA : 0.60 Ha
VARIET : Samrat
Y : summer
SEASON

93
3.21.1 Crop wise Input Used By Host Farmer For Okra Crop
Sr. Items Of Cost Unit Per Plot Per Ha.
No. Value
Rate Valu
Qty. e
(Rs.)

1. Hired Human Labor

(a) Male Days 10 300 3000 5000

(b) Female Days 20 200 4000 6666.67

2. Owned Machinery
used
a)Ploughing Hrs 7 800 5600 9333.33
b)Rotavator 3 1200 3600 6000
Hrs 1.5 800 1200 2000
c)Bed
Preparation Hrs

3. Seed purchased Kg 3 2000 6000 10000

4. Manure Tons 1 2000 2000 3333.33

5. Fertilizers (a)Urea Kg 200 7 1400 2333.33

(b) Mixed[Link] Kg 150 24 3600 6000

6. Insecticide ml 300 500 833.33

Pesticide 300 500 833.33
Table No.56
ml
Above table provides information about crop wise input used by host farmer
for Okra crop

94
3.21.2 Input Management for Okra crop

SR. PARTICULARS USAGE UNIVERSITY SUGGESTION

NO. BY RECOMMENDATION
(kg/ha)
FARME
R

(kg/
ha)

1. Seeds 5 3.5-5.5 -

2. Fertilizer
N 107 100 Using Proper
P 39 50 Dose of
K Table 39
No.57 50 PK
The fertilizer used by the farmer is less than the recommended dose.

95
 3.21.3 Per Hectare Cost of Cultivation for Okra crop

Sr. Items Of Cost Unit Per Plot Per Ha.

No. Value %
Rate Value (Rs.)
Qty.

1. Hired Human Labor

(a) Male Days 10 300 3000 5000 3

(b) Female Days 20 200 4000 6666.67 4

2. Owned Machinery used

a)Ploughing Hrs 7 800 5600 9333.33 5.59
b)Rotavator Hrs 3 1200 3600 6000 3.60
c)Bed Preparation Hrs 1.5 800 1200 2000 1.20

3. Seed purchased Kg 3 2000 6000 10000 5.99

4. Manure Tons 1 2000 2000 3333.33 2

5. Fertilizers (a)Urea Kg 200 7 1400 2333.33 1.40

(b) Mixed[Link] Kg 150 24 3600 6000 3.60

6. Insecticide ml 300 - 500 833.33 0.50

Pesticide ml 300 - 500 833.33 0.50

8. Irrigation charges Rs. 7099.75 11832.92 7.09

9. Incidental charges Rs. 250 416.67 0.25

96
10. Total working Rs. 38749.75 64582.91 38.71
capital

11. Interest on Rs. 2324.99 3874.98 2.32

working capital
for full crop
period (6%)

12. Land revenue & Rs. 12.09 20.15 0.01

other cesses

13. Depreciation on 8486.80 14144.67 8.48

implement ,
machinery &
building

14. COST A Rs. 49573.63 82622.71 49.52

15. Interest on fixed Rs. 11541.33 19235.55 11.53

capital excluding
land
( 10% on fixed
investment)

16. Rental value of Rs. 33333.33 53763.44 32.22

owned land
(1/6th of gross
return )

17. COST B Rs. 94448.29 157413.82 94.35

18. Family labor charges

(a) Male Days 1 300 300 500 0.30

(b) Female Days 2 200 400 666.67 0.40

97
19. Supervision charges Rs. 4957.36 8262.27 4.95
(10% of COST A)

20. COST C 100105.65 166842.76 100

Table No.58
From above table it has been estimated that per hectare total working capital was
Rs64582.91, Cost A was Rs.82622.71,Cost B was Rs.157413.82, and Cost C was
Rs.166842.76

98
3.21.4 Yield and Income Measures of Okra Crop
SR. ITEM UNIT PER PLOT PER
NO. HECTAR
Qty. Rate Valu E
e
(Rs.)
1. Main product Kg 10000 20 200000 333333.33

Gross income 2,00000 3,33,333.33

Table No.59
From above table it has been estimated that the yield obtained in the form of main
product was 10000 Kg and the gross value of the crop was Rs. 2,00000.

99
3.21.5 Analytical Measures of Farm Income Used
1. Farm Business Gross income - 333333.33-82662.71 250670.63
Income Cost A
(FBI)

2. Family Labor Gross income - 333333.33-157413.82 175919.51

Income Cost B
(FLI)

3. Net Income Gross income- 333333.33-166842.76 166490.57

(NI) Cost C

4. Farm FBI-Family 250670.63-1166.67 249503.96

Investment Labor Charges

Income(FII)
5. Benefit-Cost Gross income/ 333333.33/166842.76 2.0
Ratio (BCR) Cost C

6. Net Cost C Cost C –Value 166842.76-0 166842.76

By Product

7. Per Quintal Net Cost 166842.76/166.67 1001.04

Cost Of C/Yield(Qty)
Production

8. Per Hectare Net Cost 166842.76/1 166842.76

Cost Of C/Area(Ha)
Production

Table No.60
Above table provides information about the analytical measures of farm income . From
above table it has been estimated that the Net Income obtained by the farmer was Rs.
166490.57 the B C Ratio was 2.0

100
NAME OF THE CROP : Sugarcane
AREA : 1.20Ha
VARIET : CO86032
Y : Perennial
SEASON

101
3.22.1 Crop wise Input Used By Host Farmer For Sugarcane Crop
Sr. Items Of Cost Unit Per Plot Per Ha.
No. Value
Rate Valu
Qty. e
(Rs.)
1. Hired Human Labor

(a) Male Days 15 350 5250 4375

(b) Female Days 40 300 12000 10000

2. Owned Machinery
used
a)Ploughing Hrs 15 800 12000 10000
b)Cultivator Hrs 12 800 9600 8000
c)Seed Bed Hrs 3 800 2400 2000

3. Seed purchased Ton 4 2500 10000 8333.33

4. Manure Tons 6 2000 12000 10000

5. Fertilizers (a) Urea Kg 200 7 1400 1166.67

(b) Mixed [Link] Kg 200 24 4800 4000

(c) [Link] Kg 50 32 1600 1333.33

6. Weedicide Lit 3 450 1350 1125

Pesticide Lit 3 900 2700 2250

Table No.61

Above table provides information about crop wise inputs used by host farmer for
Sugarcane crop

102
3.22.2 Input Management for Sugarcane Crop
SR. PARTICULARS USAGE UNIVERSITY SUGGESTION
NO. BY RECOMMENDATIO
FAR N
MER (kg/ha)
(kg
/ha)
1. Seeds 4 4.5 Ton -

2. Fertilizer

N 97 120 Using proper

P 54 60 Dose NPK

K 54 60

Table No.62
Usages of doses according to recommended is suggested

103
 3.22.3 Per Hectare Cost of Cultivation for Sugarcane Crop
Sr. Items Of Cost Unit Per plot Per Ha. %
No. Value
Qty. Rate Valu
e
(Rs)

1. [Link](a)Male Day 350 5250 4375 2.67

(b) Female Days 15 300 10000 6.11
12000
40
2. Owned Machinery 6.11
a)Ploughing Hrs 15 800 12000 10000 4.89
b)Cultivator Hrs 12 800 9600 8000 1.22
c)Seed Bed Hrs 3 800 2400 2000

3. Seed purchased Ton 4 2500 10000 8333.33 5.09

4. Manure Tons 6 2000 12000 10000 6.11

5. Fertilizers (a) Urea Kg 200 7 1400 1166.67 0.71

(b) Mixed [Link] Kg 200 24 4800 4000 2.44

(c) [Link] Kg 50 32 1600 1333.33 0.81

6. weedicide Lit 3 450 1350 1125 0.11

7. Pesticide Lit 3 900 2700 2250 0.30

8. Irrigation Charges Rs 9079.7 7566.42 4.62

9. Incidental Charges Rs 500 416.67 0.25

104
10. Total working Rs. 84679.7 70566.42 41.86
capital

11. Interest on working Rs. 5080.78 4233.99 2.51

capital for full
crop period (6%)

12. Land revenue & Rs. 24.18 20.15 0.01

other cesses

13. Depreciation on 16973.60 14144.67 8.64

implement ,
machinery &
building

14. COST A Rs. 106758.26 88965.23 53.02

15. Interest on fixed Rs. 23082.66 19235.55 11.76

capital excluding
land
( 10% on fixed
investment)

16. Rental value of Rs. 54000 45000 27.50

owned land
th
(1/6 of gross
return )
17. COST B Rs. 183840.92 153200.78 92.28

105
 18. Family labor
charges
(a) Male Days 5 350 1750 1458.33 0.95

(b) Female Days 10 300 3000 2500 1.63

19. Supervision Rs. 10675.83 8896.52 5.30

charges
(10% of COST
A)
20. COST C 199266.75 166055.63 100

Table No.63
From above table it has been estimated that per hectare total working capital was
Rs.70566.42, Cost A was Rs.88965.23,Cost B was Rs.153200.78 and Cost C was
Rs.166055.63

106
. 3.22.4 Yield and Income Measures Of Sugarcane Crop

SR. ITEM UNIT Per plot PER

NO. HECTAR
Qty. Rate Valu E
e
(Rs.)
1. Main product Kg 1,20,000 2.7 3,24,000 2,70,000

Gross income 3,24,000 2,70,000

Table No.64
From above table it has been estimated that the yield obtained in the form of main product
was 12000 Kg and the gross value of the crop was Rs. 3,24,000.

107
3.22.5 Analytical Measures of Farm Income Used
1. Farm Business Gross income -Cost 270000-88965.23 181034.77
Income A
(FBI)
2. Family Labor Gross income -Cost 270000-153200.78 116799.22
Income B
(FLI)
3. Net Income Gross income-Cost C 270000-166055.63 103944.37
(NI)
4. Farm FBI-Family Labor 181034.77-4750 176284.77
Investment Charges
Income(FII)
5. Benefit-Cost Gross income/ 270000/166055.63 1.63
Ratio Cost C
(BCR)
6. Net Cost C Cost C- Value Of By 166055.63-0 166055.63
Product

7. Per Quintal Net Cost 166055.63/1000 166.06

Cost Of C/Yield(Qty)
Production
8. Per Hectare Net Cost C/Area(Ha) 166055.63/1 166055.63
Cost Of
Production
Table No.65
Above table provides information about the analytical measures of farm income . From
above it has been estimated that the Net Income obtained by the farmer was Rs. 103944.37
the B C Ratio was 1.63

108
3.23 Comparison between B-C Ratio of different crops

Season Crops B:C Ratio

Kharif Paddy 1.62
Soyabean 1.11
Rabi Wheat 1.02
Groundnut 1.51
Onion 1.42
Bajra 1.31
Summer Okra 2.0
Perennial Sugarcane 1.63

Table No.65
Above table provides information about B:C Ratio of all crops cultivated by farmer , it
states that Okra crop gives maximum B: C Ratio of 2.0 followed by sugarcane with B:C
Ratio of 1.63

109
 B:C Ratio
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

B
:
C
R
a
ti
o

110
3.24 Marketing Cost
CRO AGENCY TRAN BAGGIN LOADIN MARKE TOTA
P MARKE S- G G -T L
T PORT COST UNLOAD FEE MKT.
COST -ING COST
PLACE COST
Onio Wholesaler APMC 4000 4000 1000 200 9200
n Pune
Whea Wholesaler APMC 1000 400 300 100 1800
t Pune
Padd Wholesaler APMC 2000 1680 1000 200 4880
y Pune
Bajra wholesaler APMC 1500 600 350 150 2600
Pune
Okra wholesaler Pimpri 12000 - 2500 6000 20500

Table No.66

111
3.25 Alternate Cropping Pattern
SEASO PLO CRO VARIETY ARE YIELD RA %
-N T P A (kg/plot) T E GROS
NO. (ha) (per S
by kg)
main VAL
U E

(Rs)

KHARI 259 Padd Indrayani 1.40 8400 360 30 25200 20.9

F 260 y 0 0 4

260 Maiz Ganga2 0.60 2500 300 25 62500 6.00

259 e 0

RABI 260 Whe Lokwan 0.60 2000 30 60000 5.19

Summe at
r
260 Grou JL24(Phul 0.40 1000 80 80000 6.65
- e-pragati)
ndnu
t
260 Onio Panchagan 0.60 1000 15 15000 12.4
n ga 0 0 6

260 bajra Ankur 0.60 3000 25 75000 6.23

259 Okra Samrat 0.60 1000 20 20000 16.6

PERENNIA 25 Sugarcan Co8603 1.2 0
1,20,00 2. 0
324000 226.9
L 9 e 2 0 0 7 2

6.0 12,03,50 100

0 0

Table No.67
In alternate cropping pattern soyabean crop has been replaced with the maize crop
in kharif season . The gross income from all crops obtained was Rs. 12,03,500.

112
3.25.1 Reason for replacement of crop from present cropping
pattern

Wheat

Maizr

1. Benefit cost Ratio :

The benefit cost ratio of soyabean (1.11)is less as compared to maize (1.29) that
means maize gives more profit than the soyabean crop to the farmer , so the
farmer can replace the existing crop with the maize

2. Gives more gross income than existing crop.

113
NAME OF THE CROP : Maize
AREA : 0.60 Ha
VARIET :Ganga2
Y :Rabbi
SEASON

3.26.1 Crop wise Input Used By Host Farmer For Maize Crop
Sr. Items Of Cost Unit Per Plot Per Ha.
No. Value

Rate Valu
Qty. e
(Rs.)
1. Hired Human Labor

(a) Male Days 4 400 1200 2000

(b) Female Days 6 300 1800 3000

Owned Machinery used

a)Ploughing Hrs 3 800 2400 4000
b)Rotavator Hrs 2 800 1600 2666.67
Heired MachineryUsed Hrs 3 400 1200 2000

114
 3. Seed purchased Kg 8 130 1040 1733.33

5. Fertilizers(a)Urea Kg 100 7 700 1166.67

(b) Mixed [Link] Kg 100 24 2400 4000

6. Weedicid Lit 1.5 300 450 750

7. e g 100 450 750
Pesticide

Table No.68

Above table provides information about crop wise inputs used by host farmer for
maize crop

3.26.2 Input Management for Maize Crop

SR. PARTICULARS USAGE UNIVERSITY SUGGESTION
NO. BY RECOMMENDATIO
N
FARME (kg/ha)
R
(kg/
ha)
1. Seeds 13 15-20 -

2. Fertilizer

N 103 120 proper use

P 43 60 Of NPK

K 43 60

Table No.69

115
3.26.3 Per Hectare Cost of Cultivation for Maize Crop
Sr. Items Of Cost Per plot Per Ha. %
Unit Value
No
Rate Valu
.
Qty. e
(Rs.)

1. Hired Human
Labor
(a) Male Days 4 400 1200 2000 2.37
(b) Female Days 6 300 1800 3000 3.55
2. Owned
Machinery used
a)Ploughing 4.73
b)Rotavator Hrs 4000 3.16
Hired Machinery 3 800 2400 2666.67 2.37
Use Hrs 2 800 1600 2000
3 400 1200
Hrs
3. Seed purchased Kg 8 130 1040 1733.33 2.05
5. Fertilizers(a)Urea Kg 100 7 700 1166.67 1.38
(b) Mixed Kg 100 24 2400 4000 4.73
[Link]
6. Weedicid Lit 1.5 300 450 750 0.89
7. e g 100 450 750 0,89
Pesticide
8. Irrigation Charges Rs 1165.7 1776.17 4.84

9. Incidental Rs 250 416.67 0.49

Charges
10. Total working Rs. 15945.36 26575.61 31.4
capital 5

11. Interest on Rs. 956.72 1694.53 1.89

working
capital for full
crop period
(6%)

12. Land revenue Rs. 12.09 20.15 0.02

& other cesses

116
 13. Depreciation 8486.80 14144.67 16.7
on implement , 4
machinery &
building

14. COST A Rs. 25400.97 42334.96 50.1

0

15. Interest on Rs. 11541.33 19235.55 22.7

fixed capital 6
excluding land

16. Rental value of Rs. 10416.67 17361.11 20.5

owned land 5

17. COST B Rs. 47358.97 78931.62 93.4

1

18. Family labor

charges

(a) Male Day 1 300 300 500 0.59

s

(b) Female Day 2 250 500 833.33 0.99

s

19. Supervision Rs. 2540.10 42498.45 5.01

charges
(10% of COST
A)

20. COST C 50699.07 84498.45 100

Table No.70
From above table it has been estimated that per hectare total working capital was
Rs.26275.61,CostA was Rs. 42334.96,Cost B was Rs. 78931.62 and Cost C Rs. 84498.45.
3.26.4 Yield and Income Measures of Maize Crop
SR. ITEM UNIT Per plot PER
NO. HECTAR
Qty. Rate Valu E
e
(Rs.)
117
 1. Main product Kg 2500 25 62,500 104166.67
By product 3000 5000
Gross income 65,500 109166.67
Table No.71
From above table it has been estimated that the yield obtained in the form of main product
was 2500Kg and The gross value of the crop was Rs. 65500.

3.26.5 Analytical Measures of Farm Income Used

1. Farm Business Gross income 109166.67-42334.96 66831.71
Income -Cost A
(FBI)

2. Family Labor Gross income 109166.67-78931.62 30235.05

Income -Cost B
(FLI)

3. Net Income (NI) Gross 109166.67-84498.45 24668.22

income-Cost
C

4. Farm Investment FBI-Family 66831.71-1333.33 65468.38

Income(FII) Labor
Charges

5. Benefit-Cost Gross 109166.67/84498.45 1.29

Ratio income/
(BCR) Cos
tC
6. Net Cost C Cost C – 84498.45-5000 79498.45
Value Of By
Product

7. Per Quintal Cost Net Cost 79498.45/41.67 1907.81

Of Production C/Yield (Qtl)

118
8. Per Hectare Net Cost 79498.45/1 79498.45
Cost Of C/Area(Ha)
Production

Table No.72
Above table provides information about the analytical measures of farm income from
above table it has been estimated that the Net Income obtained by the farmer was Rs.
24668.22 the B C Ratio was 1.29

3.27 Comparison Between Present Cropping Pattern &Alternate

Cropping Pattern
SR. ANALYTICAL TOOLS SOYABEAN MAIZE
NO.

1. Farm Business Income 52862.44 66831.71

(FBI)

2. Family Labor Income 88873.11 30235.05

(FLI)

3. Net Income (NI) 10163.13 24668.22

4. Farm Investment Income(FII) 51362.44 65468.38

5. Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) 1.11 1.29

119
 6. Per quintal cost of production 3593.47 1907.81

7. Per hectare cost of 89836.87 79498.45

production

Table No.73

Comparison between BC RATIO

1.35
1.3
1.25
1.2
1.15
1.1
1.05
1
Soyabean Maize
Figure No.7

3.27.1 PRESENT CROPPING

PATTERN
Season Crop B:C ratio Gross
Value(Rs
)
Kharif Paddy 1.62 252000
Soyabean 1.11 60000
Rabi Wheat 1.01 60000
Groundnut 1.51 80000
Onion 1.42 150000
Bajra 1.31 75000
120
Summer Okra 2.0 200000
Annual Sugarcane 1.63 324000

Table No.74

3.27.2 ALTERNATE CROPPING

Season
PATTERN Crop B:C ratio Gross
Value(Rs)

Kharif Paddy 1.62 252000

Maize 1.29 62000
Rabi Wheat 1.01 62600
Groundnut 1.51 80000
Onion 1.42 150000
Bajra 1.31 75000
Summer Okra 2.0 200000
Annual Sugarcane 1.63 324000

Table No.75

121
3.28 Problem and solutions

PROBLEMS
1. Poor storage facilities

(Onion,Soyabean,Paddy)

2. Lack of disease and pest management

3. Lack of market information .
4.
Lack of good quality seeds or higher cost of seed
5.
Unavailability of labours at peak season

SOLUTIONS
-Develop proper storage structure
-Visit to Science centre KVK ,Baramati
-Stay updated through online agricultural applications on daily basis.
-To purchased certified seed or to produce own farm and to get seed germination process
before sowing
-Establishment of custom hiring centre at village level and hiring machineries from custom
hiring centre

Table No.76
Above table provides information about problems faced by the host farmer and solution
to
the problems
122
3.29 Conclusion
1. The farmer does judicious use of available resources and inputs .
2. He also uses his land available efficiently .
[Link] the crops cultivated by him gives him profitability as benefit cost ratio of maximum
crops is above 1 .
4. Some improvements in irrigation technology and farm mechanization would help him
increase his returns .
[Link] marketing channel is Producer – wholesaler-consumer , so he should try to eliminate
intermediary and reach to consumer directly.
[Link] experience gained while data collection was great , I gained a lot of information
regarding farming practices .

123
3.30 Loan Proposal For Equipment:
Drip Irrigation Loan:-I suggested farmer for loan proposal of drip irrigation because
efficient use of water & nutrient delivery system for growing crop

Total Amount Of Loan:-

75000 Name Of Bank:- PDCC
Type Of Loan:- Short Term Loan
Rate Of Interest:- 6.50%

3.30.1 Repayment Schedule:-

1. Total Installation Cost Of Drip=75000

2. Interest Rate Of Bank=6.50%

Sr No Principal Interest Repay(Rs) Outstandings(Rs)

(Rs) (Rs)

1. 20275.81 3322.85 23598.66 54724.16

2. 39222.24 3192.14 42414.38 20,998.48

3. 15501.95 355.31 15857.26 00

Table No.77
Repayment schedule for loan of drip irrigation

124
2. Documents Required For Borrowing Of Loan:
• Loan Application Form
• 7/12 & 8A
• Relevant Quotation In All Apects
• Income Certificate
• No Dues Certificate Of Financial Institutes Of Surrounding Area
• Ration Card Xerox
• Adhar Card /Pan Card/Voting Card/Licence
• Two Passport Size Photos

• 3.30.3 Application Form

125
 3.31 Co-Operative Society :-

Vividh Karykari Seva Sahakari

Society,Ltd.
Salumbre

3.31.1 Study Of Multipurpose Cooperative Society

1. Information Of The Society:-
i)Name:-Salumbre Vividh Karykari Sanstha
ii)Address:-A/P Salumbre,Tal-Maval Diat-Pune
412101
iii) Reg no :-PNA/SIS/3061
iv)Year Of Establishment:-23/08/1967
v)Audit Class In 2019-2020:-Yes

126
3.31.2 Cluster Of Village :-
Sr no Name Of Head Population Distance Number Of
Village Quarter Of On From Member
Society (2001 HQ(Kms) From The
Cessess) Village
1. Salumbre 1300 0 202
2. Godumbre 12500 1 136
3. Shirgao Salumbre 2100 3 131
4. Gahunje 2200 2 195
5. Sangawde 1850 4 192
Table No.78
Above table shows the name of village and distance and number of members in the
village.
Number Of Members :-
a)Male :- 716
b)Female:-140
Total:-856

3.31.3 Share
Capital:-
A) Authorised Shares Capital:- 52,76,130
B) Value Of Each Shares:-
i)From Members 100
ii)From Government 100

Table No.79

127
3.31.4 Borrowing Of Society:-
Sr Institution Amount Rate Of Period Of
No Borrowed Repayment
Interest

1. District Central 240000 Crop 6% 1

Co-operative Medium 11% Year
Bank 5
Year

Table No.80

3.31.5 Other Funds Of The Society:-

A) Reserve Fund:-17,10,000
B) Special Emergency Funds:10,11,000

3.31.6 Working Capital Of The Society:-

Short Term Loan:- Medium Term Year:-
3,00000 5,00000
[Link] Of Interest:6% [Link] Of Intrest:12%
[Link]:-1Year [Link]:3Year
[Link]:-Crop Loan [Link]:Tractor

3.31.7 Expenditure Of Society:-

• Salaries Of Staff:-Rs 334000
• Gratuity To Staff:-Rs 300000
• Allowances To Members :-Rs 14,00000
• Rent Of Building And Repairing Of Building:-Rs 112000
• Audit Fees And Other Fees:-Rs 19404
• Stationary , Printing , Advertisement Etc :- Rs 45000
• Draft Commission Paid To Bank:-Rs 2154000

128
3.31.8 Net Profit(2004-2005):-Rs 2,22,390
i)Special Reserve Fund :-Rs 24,58,500
ii)Bad Debit Reserve Fund :-Rs 2,22,390
iii)Building Fund :- Rs 4,38633

3.31.9 Information Of Secretary:-

General Information:-
• Name Of Secretary:-Dhananjay Ragunath Vidhate
• Age :-58 Year
• Education :-H.S.C & H.D.C
• Experience :-29 Years(1992)
• Special Training In Cooperation :-GDC
• Where Secretary Resides At H.Q :-Yes
• Number Of Visits Per Week To Society:-Daily

129
3.31.10 Information Of Management Committee:-
Sr Name Positio Education Experience Special Number
N Of The n Age al In Training Of
o Qualificati Manageme In Meeting
Membe (Ye on nt Cooperati Attendi
r a r) Committee on ng
During
In Year
1. Sindhub Chairm 58 7th 2 Year No 15
ai an
Rambha
u
Rakshe

2. Aanand Vaice 48 HSC 2 Year No 15

Chairm
Pralhad an

Rakshe

3. Motira Membe 62 10th 2 Year No 15

m r
Baban
Rakshe

4 Nilesh Membe 33 LLB 2 Year No 15

Ramesh r

Vidhate

Table No.77

130
3.31.11 Progress Of Society Last Five Years:-
Ye Mem Share Reser Deposit Borro Total Net Net Au
ars bers ve s(Rs) wing Turno Profit Loss dit
Capit Fund (Rs) ver Cla
als s Of ss
(Rs) And The
Othe Societ
r y
Fund
s
(Rs)
201 959 44,82, 17,10, 17,10,0 90,000 3,15,0 2,20,0 65,00, B
6- 000 000 00 00 0000 0000 000
17

201 986 47,07, 17,10, 17,10,0 99,08, 2,79,0 2,05,0 74,00, B

7- 000 000 00 000 0000 0000 000
18

201 1020 50,03, 17,10, 17,10,0 1,03,0 3,71,0 2,10,0 1,61,0 B

8- 000 000 00 0000 0000 0000 0000
19

201 856 45,20, 17,10, 17,10,0 1,07,0 3,84,0 1,80,0 2,04,0 B

9- 000 000 00 0000 0000 0000 0000
20

202 890 48,76, 17,10, 17,10,0 1,10,0 3,50,0 2,10,0 1,40,0 B

0- 815 000 00 0000 0000 0000 0000
21
Table No.78
Above table shows the last five year progress of society

131
 Net profit
2,50,00,00
0

2,00,00,00
0

1,50,00,00
0

1,00,00,00
0

50,00,000 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21

Net profit
0

132
3.31.12 Difficulties Of Society:-
• Difficulties
1. No adequate capital to society
2. Most of members are not known about policies and management
3. Due to less staff member of society and large area of operation society cant work properly
• Suggestion
-Govt should provided adequate capital to society
-Educate members about management policies
-Society should increase their staff member

133
STUDENT

PROJECT
WORK

134
[Link] Of Nursery:-

1. Defination of Nursery:-
Nursery place where, plants are grown for transplanting , for use as stock
for budding and grafting . Or for sale under artificial condition . Commercial nurseries
produce and distribute woody and herbaceous plants, including ornamental trees , shrubs,
bulb crops

2. Phases of Nursery Management

The main phases of nursery management are:-
1)Planning :-Planning regarding procurement of raw material , irrigation requirement and
capital raising should be done before establishing nursery.
2)Implementation :-Implementation of developed strategies such where to store the raw
material has to be done and also storage of ready plant let should be done according to layout
of nursery .
3)Monitoring and Evolution :-Monitoring of selected strategies should be done timely and
also evolution of expenditure of various factor of nursery should be done to avoid losses and
increasing profit.

135
2 Methodology
1. Selection Of Unit:-
The nursery of ornamental plants (Jatropha, Ficus Oleander, Zamia Palm)
which located at MIDC Talegao, Pune Has been selected for the purpose of studying
productivity of Jatropha and ficus plant and marketing of jatropha and ficus plants and also
to study the problems faced by the farmer in production and marketing of the plants
2. Collection of Data
Primary Data : -The primary data are collected through a direct interview schedule
through a well designed questionnaire.
Secondary Data :- The secondary information is obtained from internet, journals, news
papers etc.

136
2.3 Analysis of Data
(a)Capital Investment: The fixed investment on a Commercial Nursery farm comprised of
investment on poly house, net house, water supply system, machinery & equipment, etc.
(b) Total Cost of Production : Total Fixed Cost + Total Variable Cost.
(c) Total Fixed Cost : Land Rent + Depreciation + Interest on Fixed Cost.
(d)Total Variable Cost : Input Cost + Labour Cost + License Renewal + Electricity +
Transportation Cost + Maintenance Cost etc.
(e)In addition to this, BCR, IRR & NPW were calculated for study of financial feasibility of
selected unit.
(f) Payback Period : Initial Investment / Annual Net Cash Return.

137
3 Importance Of Plant Nursery :
1. Seedlings and grafts are produced with minimum care, cost and maintenance.

2. The nursery planting materials are available at the beginning of the planting season.

3. There is a wide scope for fruit orchards, ornamental, vegetable, and landscape gardens
at different places.

4. It assures the production of genetically improved quality planting material.

5. It provides employment opportunities.

6. They are an important source supplying the seedlings for various demands of the
industries.

138
4 Present Status Of Nursery In Maharashtra :
 Maharashtra is one of the leading flower producers in the country. The state has
varying soil types & agro-climatic conditions, which offer tremendous scope for
floriculture.

 District like Pune, Nasik, Aurangabad, Sangli, Satara, Kolhapur, Thane and Nagpur
are well known for flower cultivation.

 Pune, Satara, Sangli,Kolhapur & Nasik are well developing hi-tech

floriculture district.

 Pune, Thane, Nasik, Ahmednagar, Nagpur & Nanded are famous for open
flower cultivation.

 The principle flowers grown in Maharashtra are Marigold, Rose, Tube Rose,
Chrysanthemum, Gladioli, Aster, Jasmine, Kagda, Mogra, Gerbera, Carnation etc.

 The state policy has promoted Green house culture has well as open field cultivation
of flowers.

4.1 Present Status Of Nurseries In Maharashtra

[Link] Nursery Under Numbers Number of Plants %
(in Lakhs)

1) Public Sector 136 42.03 9.25

2) SAU/ICAR 42 11.33 2.85

3) Private Sector 1300 303.37 88

Total 1470 356.73 100

139
 Nurseries

Public

SAU/ICAR

Private

Table No.1 Figure

No.1

[Link]
1. To study the investment pattern of nursery unit .

[Link] study the marketing management of produced products of nursery unit.

[Link] study the calulating operating cost of flowers

4. To study human resource management in nursery unit.

[Link] examine various obstacles in production and marketing of nursery unit and swot
analysis

6. General Information of Owner

[Link]. Particulars Information

1 Name Of Enterprise Somvanshi Flowers

2 Name of Owner [Link] Sahadev Somavanshi

3 Address & Telephone Ambi MIDC Talegao Dabhade Tal-Maval Dist -Pune
No. 7057095300

140
4 Age 28 Years

5 Total Area of Nursery 10 Acr

6 Spouse occupation Bussinesssmen

7 Education Graduation
8 Main source of income Nursery
19 Type of Ownership Individual

Table No.2
Above table shows the general information of owner .

141
[Link] Areas Of Management

Ficus

Jatropha

142
7.1 Allocation of Space

Space Allotment Acre Percentage %

Store cum office 0.025 0.25
Labour Huts 0.075 0.75
Work shed 0.875 8.75
Polyhouse 0.25 2.50
Net house 0.375 3.75
Pot Nursery 1.005 10.50
Polybag Nursery 1.23 12.3
Mother Plants 0.625 6.25
Seedbed 0.555 5.50
Compost Yard 0.45 4.5
Dumping 0.025 0.25
Passage 4.00 40.0
Additional Space for Drainage 0.585 5.85
Grand Total 10 acre(4.04Ha) 100 %

Table No. 3
Above table shows total space for the nursery
(10Acr)

143
7.2 Product Share
Sr. Percentage
Plants Quantity Sale Amount (₹)
No. (%)

1 Ficus 26,400 2,64,000 6.49 %

2 Jatropha 15,800 6,32,000 15.54 %

3 Oleander 20,600 3,09,000 7.60 %

4 Zamia Palm 8,500 4,25,000 10.45 %

5 Ornamental Plants 25,000 8,65,000 21.27 %

6 Flowering Plants 18,000 10,40,000 25.58 %

7 Fruit Plants 5,000 2,50,000 6.15 %

8 Completion Plants 7,000 2,80,000 6.88 %

TOTAL 40,65,000 100 %

Table No. 4
Above table shows the product share of different plants like Ficus
(6.49%) , Jatropha(15.54%)

144
7.3 Initial Capital Investment
Sr. Particulars Amount (₹) Per Ha. Percentage
No. (%)
1 Poly House 4,00000 1,00000 25.39
2 Net House 5,00000 1,25,000 31.74
3 Compost Yard 5,000 1,250 0.31
4 Store Cum Office 2,00000 50,000 12.69
5 Labour Huts 2,25,000 56,250 14.28
6 Water Supply Structure 2,00000 50,000 12.69
7 Equipments & Machinery 25,000 6,250 1.58
8 Hand Tools 20,000 5,000 1.26
Total 15,75,000 3,93,750 100 %

Table No.5
Above table shows Initial capital investment of nursery which is Rs
15,75,000

145
7.4 Operating Cost

Sr. Particulars Per Plot (₹) Per Ha. Percentage(%)

No.
1 Nursery License Renewal fee 12000 3000 0.65
2 Input Cost
Coco peats 10000 2500 0.54
Soil 60000 15000 3.25
Fertilizers 30000 7500 1.62
Polybags 27000 6750 1.46
Trays 15000 3750 0.81
3 Labour Charges 1200000 300000 65.02
4 Electricity Charges 125000 31250 6.77
5 Stationary Cost 10000 2500 0.54
6 Repairs and Maintenance
200000 50000 10.83
7 Planting Material 5000 1250 0.27
8 Equipments 43400 10850 2.35
9 Supervisor 108000 27000 5.85
Total 18,45,400 4,61,350 100 %

Table No. 6
Above table shows the Operating cost of Nursery

146
7.5 Annual Depreciation

Sr. Particulars Cost (Lakh Useful Life Junk Value Annual

No. Rs) Dep.
1) Polyhouse 4.0 10 Years 40000 36000

2) Nethouse 5.0 10 Years 50000 45000

3) Labour Huts 2.25 15 Years 4500 14700

4) Store cum Office 2.0 25 Years 4000 7840

5) Water Supply 2.0 20 Years 20000 9000

6) Equipment's 0.25 10 Years 2500 2250

7) Hand tools 0.20 5 Years 4000 3200

Total 15.75 - 1,25,000 1,17,990

Table No.7
Above table shows the annual depreciation charges which is Rs . 1,17,990.

147
7.6 Distribution of Annual Depreciation

Sr. No. Particulars Depreciation Ficus (6.49 %) Jatropha

(15.54
%)
1) Building 36000 2336.4 5594.4

2) Water Supply 9000 584.1 1398.6

3) Equipment's 2250 146.025 349.65

4) Hand Tools 3200 207.68 497.28

5) TOTAL - 3274.205 7839.93

Formula : (Depreciation * Product Share) / 100

Table NO.8
Above tables shows the distribution of annual depreciation of both crop which is Ficus has
Rs.3274.21 and Jatropha has Rs. 7839.93.

148
7.7 Varieties of Ficus

Star Ficus Triangular Ficus

Green Ficus

Family – Moraceae Botanical Name – Ficus benjamena

149
7.7.1 Steps Of Propagation Of Ficus Plant

Stems containing at least 1 leaf node are selected

Cut 4-5 inch of stem from selected Ficus using a blade

Remove the Leaves from 1/3 of the cutting

Dip the cutting into the Fungicide Mix (SAAF) for 1

hour

Cuttings are then placed into the soil for 1 month for hardening

Transplanted to big sized Polybag (5,6,8,10,12 inch polybag)

Placed in open space & cared until mature enough for sale

Plants are ready for sale.

Figure No.2
Above chart shows the steps of propogation of ficus plant from selection to
sale

150
7.7.3 Inorganic manure

Plant Nutrient Deficiency symptoms

Yellow or pale green leave (N deficiency)

1. Macro nutrients

Nitrogen Yellow or pale green leaves

Phosphorous Slow growth

Potassium Yellowing of tips & edges of

Loss of colour of green leaves
young leaves. (Mg deficiency)

Calcium Leaves are misshaped &

shunted

Magnesium Loss of colour of green leaves

Table No.9
Above table shows the inorganic manure required for Ficus plant .Macro nutrient and
Deficiency symptoms of ficus plant.

150
Plant Nutrient Deficiency symptoms
Leaves wilted (Copper Deficiency)

1. Micro Nutrients

Iron Leaves are Yellow & White

Manganese Dead Tissues

Dead tissues (Manganese Deficiency)

Copper Leaves wilted

Zinc Plant dwarfed

Molybdenum Leaves bend backward

Table No.10
Above table shows the inorganic manure required for Ficus plant .Micro nutrient and
Deficiency symptoms of ficus plant.

152
7.7.4 Integrated Pest Management

Sr. Category Target for Name of chemicals Application

No. methods.

1) Insecticides 1)Whitefly Imidacloropid (2ml / litre water) Spraying

with
compression
2)Scale Azamax (1-2 oz. per gallon of water knapsack
insects & at interval of 7-10 days) sprayer.

3)Mealybugs Chlorpyriphos (2ml/ litre water)

2) Fungicides 1) Leaf spots Carbendazim + Mancozeb (2

gm/ litre water)

2) Fungal root Carbendazim + Mancozeb (2

rot gm/ litre water)

Table No.11
Above table shows the integrated pest management of Ficus
plant

153
 5. Irrigation System Of Plants
Methods Of Irrigation:
 Hand watering

 Motor showering

 Drip and Sprinkler system is also present.

Daily watering is done in the nursery at morning 11am

and at evening 4pm.

 Also watering is done as per requirement and
condition

of atmosphere or climate (Humidity).

6. Pest & Disease Management of Ficus:-

Disease Symptoms Pathogen/Cause Management

Avoid overhead watering.

Anthracnose Greasy-appearing spots Glomerella Apply a fungicide to
(Colletotrichum) protect

Purchase plants free of the

Bacterial Leaf Angular yellow spots Xanthomonas campestris disease.
Avoid overhead watering.

Maintain even soil

Leaves wilt, die, and fall. moisture.
Branch Dieback And Eventually , Branches Phomopsis Prune branches when they
Fall are small. Protect plants
from injury.

Young leaves appear Do not place plants near

Cold Injury puckered or distorted and Temperatures below 40° F. air conditioners.
brown. Maintain temperatures
above 40° F.

Leaf Drop Leaves yellow and fall. Low soil moisture and low Maintain even soil
relative humidity. moisture.

Table No.12
Above table shows the pest and disease management of Ficus
Plant

154
7.7.7 Per Unit Cost Of Production Of Ficus Plants :

155
 Particulars Amount Per Ficus (Per %
ha. (₹) ha.)
Fixed Cost
Dep. on Polyhouse 9,000 2,336.4
1.44
Dep. On Net House 11,250 2,920.5
1.80
Dep. On Building 1,960 5,08.8
0.31
Dep. On Water Supply System 2,250 584.1
0.36
Dep. On Machinery/Equipments 5,62.5 146.02
0.09
Dep. On Hand Tools 8,00 207.68
0.12
Rental Value of Land 1,69,375 43,969.75
27.19
Interest On Fixed Cost @ 10% 19,519.75 5,067.3
3.13
Total Fixed Cost 2,14,717.25 55,740.5

Per Unit Fixed Cost (No. 26400) 2.11

Table No.13
Above table shows the per unit cost of production of ficus plant total fixed cost of ficus plant
2,14,717.25

156
 Variable Cost

Nursery License Renewal fee 3,000 778.8

0.48
Cost of Stick 11,250 2920.5
1.80
Labour Charges 3,00000 77,880
48.17
Electricity Charges 31,250 12,500
7.73
Stationary Cost 2,500 649
0.40
Repairs and Maintenance 20,000 3,894
2.40
Germination loss 1,350 350.46
0.21
Interest on Working Capital @ 12 % 44,322 11,350.2
7.02
TOTAL 4,13,672 1,05,935.5
100%
Per Unit Variable Cost (No. 26400) 4.04
Per unit total cost

Table No.14
Above table shows the per unit cost of production of ficus plant total Variable cost of ficus
plant 4,13,672.

157
158
Break Even Point

y Margin of Safety
(64.75%)

105
90
Returns in Thousand

Break Even Returns

75 (93055.92) BEP
60

Break Even Quantity

45

(9305.59)
30
₹

15
Fixed Cost Line
0
Initial Investment

0
1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5
Q1u0a.5ntity of Plants Sale (in 1500 9 x.
0
FigureNos.)
No.3
Above figure shows the Break even point. 175

159
 7.8 Varieties Of Jatropha

Spicy Jatropha Black Physicnut

Family : Euphorbiaceae Botanical Name : Jatropha integerrima

160
7.8.1 Steps Of Propagation Of Jatropha Plant

Stems containing at least 1 leaf node are selected

Cut 4-5 inch of stem from selected Jatropha using a blade

Remove the Flowers Leaves from 1/3 of the cutting

Dip the cutting into the Fungicide Mix (SAAF) for 1 hour

Cuttings are then placed into the soil for 1 month for hardening

Transplanted to big sized Polybags

Placed in open space & cared until mature enough for sale

Plants are ready for sale.

Figure No 5
Above figure shows the steps of propogation of Jatropha plant .From selection to sale 177

161
 7.8.2 Inorganic manure
Plant Nutrient Deficiency symptoms
Yellow or pale green leaves (N deficiency)

1. Macro nutrients

Nitrogen Yellow or pale green leaves

Phosphorous Slow growth

Loss of colour of green leaves (Mg deficiency)

Potassium Leaves thicken and curl

Calcium Stalk dies at terminal bud

Magnesium Loss of colour of green leaves

Table No.15
Above table shows the inorganic manure required for Jatropha plant .Macro nutrient and
Deficiency symptoms of Jatropha plant

162
Plant Deficiency
Nutrient
symptoms

1. Micro Nutrients
Spot of Dead tissues (Manganese Deficiency)

Iron Lack of protein

Manganese Spot of dead

tissue scattered in
leaves

Zinc Enzyme remains

inactive.

Molybdenum Leaves bend

backward

Chlorine Wilting of leaves

blade tips

Table No.16
Above table shows the inorganic manure required for Jatropha plant .Micro nutrient and
Deficiency symptoms of Jatropha plant

163
 7.8.3 Integrated Pest Management
Sr. Category Target For Name of chemicals Application
no. Methods

1) Fungicides 1) Leaf Spot & Blast SAAF (1-2gm /litre water) Spraying through
Hand Sprayers.

2) Botrytis Blight Liquid copper spray (2 Oz per gallon

of water on every 7 days of interval)

2) Insecticides 1)Leaf eating Chlorpyriphos (2ml /litre water)

caterpillar

2)Aphides Copper Oxychloride(2gm /litre water)

3)Leaf Miner Imidacloropid (2ml /litre water)

Table No.17
Above table shows the integrated pest management of Jatropha plant

164
7.8.4 Pest & Diseases Management of Jatropha

No Pests & Diseases are of major concern for JATROPHA but occasionally bothered by
Miles & Leaf Miner

DISEASES/PESTS MANAGEMENT

Yellow Mosaic Use Natural Controllers such as Safer Soap &

Bon-Neem

Mealybug • Use Natural predators of pest i.e.

ladybugs, lacewing
• Use BotaniGuard, an biological
insecticide @ 2.5 oz/gallon of water

Leaf Miner Imidacloropid (2ml /litre water)

Table No.18
Above table shows the Pest and disease management of Jatropha
Plant

165
7.8.5 Per Unit Cost Of Production Of Jatropha Plants

166
 Particulars Amount Jatropha Percentage
Per ha.(₹) (Per ha.) %
Fixed Cost
Dep. on Polyhouse 9,000 5,594.4 1.44
Dep. On Net House 11,250 6,993 1.80
Dep. On Building 1,960 1,218.33 0.31
Dep. On Water Supply 2,250
1,398.6
System
0.36
Dep. On 562.5
349.65
Machinery/Equipments
0.09
Dep. On Hand Tools 800 497.28 0.12
Rental Value of Land 1,69,375 1,05,283.5 27.19
Interest On Fixed Cost @ 19,519.75
10% 12,133.47
3.13
Total Fixed Cost 2,14,717.25
1,33,468.23

Per Unit Fixed Cost

8.44
(No. 15800)

Table No.19
Above table shows the Per unit cost of production of Jatropha plant and total fixed
cost of jatropha plant was 2,14,717.25

167
 Variable Cost

Nursery License Renewal fee 3,000

1,864.8
0.48
Cost of Stick 11,250
6,993
1.80
Labour Charges 3,00000
1,86,480
48.17
Electricity Charges 31,250
19,425
5.01
Stationary Cost 2,500
1,554
0.40
Repairs and Maintenance 20,000
9,324
2.40
Germination loss 1,350
839.16
0.21
Interest on Working Capital @ 44,322
27,177.59
12 %
7.02
Total Variable Cost 4,13,672
2,53,657.55
100%
Per Unit Variable Cost
16.05

(15800)

Table No.20
Above table shows the per unit cost of production of Jatropha plant and Total variable
cost is 4,13,672

168
 Margin of Safety in Rupees

= Fixed Cost
Actual Sale –BEP
= * 100
Sales price per unit – Variable cost per unit Current sales

133468.23
= = 632000 -5572.78
* 100
632000
40 – 16.05
= Rs 5572.78 = 64.68 %

Fixed Cost
=
1- (Variable cost per unit /Sales price per unit )
133468.23
=
0.6
= Rs 222447.22

185

169
Break Even Point

y
Margin of Safety
350 (64.68 %)
Returns in Thousand

300
Break Even Returns BE
250 (223191.02) P
200
150

Break Even Quantity

100

(5572.78)
₹

50
Fixed Cost
0 Line
Initial Investment
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
Quantity of Plants Sale(in nos.)

Figure No.4
186
Above figure shows the Break even point

170
7.9 Financial Feasibility

Year Total cost Total benefit Net benefit PWC @ 15% PWB @ 15%
DF DF

1 17,57,000 2,00,000 -15,75,000 15,43,540 1,73,920

2 4,25,000 8,00,000 3,75,000 3,21,342.5 6,04,880

3 5,00,000 12,00,000 7,00,000 3,28,750 7,89,000

4 7,50,000 18,00,000 10,50,000 4,28,850 10,29,240

5 10,00,000 21,00,000 11,00,000 4,97,200 10,44,120

6 12,40,000 30,50,000 18,10,000 5,36,052 13,18,515

7 15,50,000 35,20,000 19,70,000 5,82,645 13,23,168

8 18,45,000 40,65,000 22,20,000 6,03,130 13,28,848

Total 90,85,000 1,67,35,000 76,50,000 48,41,510 76,11,691

Table No.21
Above table shows the financial feasibility of the project where Net benefit was Rs.
76,50,000

171
 7.10 IRR (Internal Rate of Return)
Year Net Cash Flow Lower NPW at LDR Higher NPW at HDR
Discount Discount Rate
Factor 36% 40%
1 0.7353 -11,58,097 0.7143 -11,25,022.5
-15,75,000

2 0.5407 2,02,762.5 0.5102 1,91,325

3,75,000

3 0.3975 2,78,250 0.3644 2,55,080

7,00,000

4 0.2923 3,06,915 0.2603 2,73,315

10,50,000

5 0.2149 2,36,390 0.1859 2,04,490

11,00,000

6 0.1580 2,85,980 0.1328 2,40,368

18,10,000

7 0.1162 2,28,914 0.0949 1,86,953

19,70,000

8 0.0854 1,89,588 0.0678 1,50,516

22,20,000

Total 5,70,702.5 3,77,024.5

Table No.22

172
NPW= PWB - PWC
= 76,11,691-48,41,510
= 27,70,181
BCR = PWB / PWC
= 76,11,691/48,41,510
= 1.57
IRR =
[Lower discount rate]+[Diffrence Between two discount rate]*[NPW at LDR/Absolute
difference betTwo Discount Rate]
[36]+[4]*[5,70,702.5/1,93,678]
[ 36] + [4] *
[ 2.9467]
36 + 11.7866
47.79%
PBP = Initial Investment /Annual Net
Cash Return = 1575000 / 981000 = 1.6
Year

PI = NPW/Initial Investment
= 28,70,181/15,75,000 =
1.82

173
11. Financial Ratios:-
1. Turnover Ratios :
1) Profitability Index = NPW/Initial Investment
27,70,181/15,75,000= 1.75
2) Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio = Net sale/Net Fixed Assets
= 4065000/1457010 = 2.78
3) Working Capital Turnover Ratio = Net Sale/Working Capital
= 4065000/1845000 = 2.20
2. Profitability Ratios:
4) Net Profit Ratio = Net profit/Net sale*100
= 2220000/4065000*100 = 54.61%
5) Operational Ratio = Total Operating Expenses/Gross Income
= 1845000/4065000 = 0.45
6) Fixed Ratio = Fixed Expenses/Gross Income
= 1575000/4065000 = 0.39
7) Gross Ratio = Total expenses/Gross Income
= 2491157/4065000 = 0.61

174
  Initial Capital Investment = ₹ 1575000.

 Annual Operating Cost = ₹ 1845000.

 Per unit cost of Ficus plant = ₹ 6.12

 Per unit cost of Jatropha plant = ₹ 24.49

 NPW is ₹ 27,70,181 , i.e. NPW is positive and the project is financially feasible
and accepted.

 BCR is 1.57 , i.e. BCR is greater than one hence project is financially feasible and
accepted.

IRR is 47.79%, i.e. IRR is greater than LDR hence project if finanacially feasible

175
 8. Marketing Management

1. Marketing Channel
PRODUCER → CONSUMER

Prise Spread:-
SR NO Particulars Ficus % Jatropha %

1. Price Received By Rs9.4 94% Rs39.6 99%

Producer

2. Total Market Cost 0.60 6% 0.40 1%

3. Price Paid By Rs10 100% Rs.40 100%

Consumer

Table No.23
Above table shows the price spread of Marketing channel

176
9 .SWOT Analysis

STRENGTH WEAKNESS
Location Urban Area (Road Side). Low skilled labour
Seasonal unavailability of labour
Availability Of Space.
Quality of seedling

OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
High Market Demand For ornamental plants. Seasonal Effects.
Increasing awareness about the quality High Competition.
Changing choices of people

177
 10. Problems and Suggestions
Sr. Problem Suggestion
No.
1) Procurement Management Procurement Management
• Improper storage facility for • They should improve or modify storage
mother plants. structure for mother plants.
• Wastage of Soil and Other • They should maintain the input storage
Inputs. structure & use the inputs efficiently.
2) Production Management Production Management
• Regular application on Plant • They must maintain a proper schedule
Protection Measures in not done for application of plant protection
properly well in time. measures and their dosage.
• Extra usage of chemicals for • Should optimum use the chemicals and
diseases plants. only allow skilled labour to apply the
chemicals.

3) Marketing Management Marketing Management

• Poor Advertising. • They should try various advertising
• Plants are not displayed with facilities such as Pamphlets,
their information. Newspaper, Website, etc.
• Plants should be displayed with all
information tags for customer
convenience.

Table No.24
Above table shows the problems and
suggestion

178
11. Conclusion
1. Most of the customers belong to medium age group (20-35) & are graduated .

2. Customers are mostly urban people & are professionals.

3. Maximum customers belongs to the income group above 10-20K.

4. Ornamental & Flowering Plants are mostly purchased from the nursery.

5. Outdoor Plants are mostly preferred.

6. According to them plants rate is Less.

7. The customers overall perception about the nursery is Good.

8. By the feedback of customer there are Maximum Variety & Quality of Plants.

179
12. Summary:-
 Critical Areas Of Management : 1) Selection Of Mother Plant. 2) INM

 Initial Capital Investment Of Somavanshi Flowers = ₹ 1575000.

 Annual Operating Cost Of Somavanshi Flowers = ₹ 1845000.

 Per unit cost of Ficus plant = ₹ 6.12

 Per unit cost of Jatropha plant = ₹ 24.49

 NPW is ₹ 27,70,181 , i.e. NPW is positive and the project is financially feasible
and accepted.

 BCR is 1.57 , i.e. BCR is greater than one hence project is financially feasible and
accepted.

IRR is 47.79%,i.e. IRR is greater than LDR hence project is financially feasible and
accepted.

180
181