GLASS INDUSTRY

1
Definition of glass?
Glass may be defined, physically as a rigid,undercooled liquid having no definite
melting point and a sufficiently high viscosity (greater than 10¹²Pa.s)to prevent
crystallization.
Chemically as the union of the nonvolatile inorganic oxides resulting from the
decomposition and fusion of alkali and alkaline earth compounds, sand and other
glass constituents
 Glass Is completely verified product,or at least such a product with a
relatively small amount of nonvitreous material in suspension.
Due to which properties glasses has many uses?
Glass has many uses because of its transparency,high resistance to chemical
attack, effectiveness as an electrical insulator and ability to contain a
vaccum.Glass is brittle material and characteristically exhibits compressive
strength much greater than its tensile strength.
What are raw material for glass?
SiO2 – Silica Sand.
Na2O – Sodium Oxide from Soda Ash.
CaO – Calcium oxide from Limestone / Dolomite.
MgO – Dolomite.
Al2O3 – Feldspar
What are the methods of manufacturing of glass?
Methods of Manufacturing:
he manufacturing procedure maybe divided into four major
phases. Melting
Shaping of forming
Annealing Finishing
What is the composition of glass?
 Thousands of new of formulations for glass during the past 30 years, lime, silica
and soda still from over 90 percent of all the glasses of the world.
 Over 2000 years there are minor changes in major ingredients and major
changes in minor ingredients.
 The major ingredients are sand,lime,soda ash.
 The most important factors in making glass are viscosity of molten oxides
and the relation between this viscosity and composition.
What are the classes of commercial glasses?
1. Soda-lime glass
2. Lead glass
3. Borosilicate glass
4. Special glasses
5. Glass fibers
What are the uses of soda-lime glass?
Soda-lime glasses are used for:
1. Containers of all kinds
2. Flat glass
3. Automobiles
4. Other windows
5. Tableware
What is lead glass?
By substituting lead oxide for calcium oxide in the glass melt,lead glass
is obtained.
Lead glasses have great importance in optical work because of their
high index of refraction and dispersion.
Lead contents as high as 92% have been made.The brilliance of good
cut glass is due to its lead-bearing.
Uses:
Construction of electric light-
bulbs Neon-sign tubing
Radiotrons
What are properties and uses of borosilicate glass?
Borosilicate glass usually contains about 10 to 20% B2O3,80 to 87% silica,and less then 10%
Na2O.
Properties:
 Low expansion coefficient
 Superior resistance to shock
 Excellent chemical stability
Uses:
 Laboratory ware
 High-tension insulators and washers
 Pipelines
 Telescope lenses
What are the types of machine shaped glasses?
There are six types of machine shaped glasses:
1. Window glass
2. Plate glass
3. Float glass
4. Blown glass
5. Light bulbs
6. Television tubes
7. Glass tubing
What are other improved types of glasses?
1. Fused silica glassFused silica
2. Alkali silicates
3. High silica glass
4. Colored and coated glass
5. Safety glass
6. Fotoform
7. Photochemic silicate glass
8. Glass ceramic
9. Fiber glass
How is coloured glass made?
Glass that is colored throughout can be produce by adding coloring material,
subsequent colored coating of transparent imprinting is also possible.
How is opal glass made?
Opal glass made by frosting cleared glass or made as frosted translucent glass
or as clear glass with white screen printing. Clear flat glass which is coated
and melted together with thin opal glass during drawing is called flash opal
glass.
 What are the raw materials for glass?
• The raw materials that go into the
manufacturing of clear float glass are:
• SiO2 – Silica Sand.
• Na2O – Sodium Oxide from Soda Ash.
• CaO – Calcium oxide from Limestone / Dolomite.
• MgO – Dolomite.
• Al2O3 – Feldspar.
8
 WHERE IS GLASS MADE?
• Believe it or not, glass is made from
liquid sand. You can make glass by heating
ordinary sand (which is mostly made
of silicon dioxide) until it melts and turns into
a liquid. You won't find that happening on
your local beach: sand melts at the incredibly
high temperature of 1700°C (3090°F).

9
 What is glass processing?
• It consists of the following steps: Melting & Refining: Fine grained
ingredients closely controlled for quality, are mixed to make a batch,
which flows into the furnace, which is heated up to 1500 degree Celsius.
The raw materials that go into the manufacturing of clear
float glass are: SiO2 – Silica Sand.

10
What type of glass is used in sunglasses?
• Sunglass lenses are made of either glass, plastic, or SR-
91. Plastic lenses are typically made from acrylic, polycarbonate, CR-
39 or polyurethane. Glass lenses have the best optical clarity and
scratch resistance, but are heavier than plastic lenses.

11
 Can you turn glass back into sand?
• Is there a way to turn glass back into sand? ... Sand, after all, is all
sorts of minerals, including metamorphic rocks, that have been ground
fine or very fine. This fine ground glass would not, however, be broken
down chemically into silicon and limestone, unless you put it through a
high temperature refining stage.

12
 Is Glass expensive to produce?
• They are generally more expensive than plastic, as the cost
to produce them is much higher due to being energy intensive. However,
stainless steel is 100 percent recyclable. ... Plastic water bottles are
cheaper to produce than stainless steel and glass, which makes them
very attractive for consumers.

13
 Why is glass used?
• Today glass is much less expensive and is used to make many different
things, from windows and light bulbs to milk bottles and glass jars. ...
This makes it ideal for making bottles and jars. The main raw
material used to make glass is sand. To make clear glass, a special sand
called silica sand is used.

14
 What is main component of glass?
• The main component of glass is with over 70% silica sand which has to be
fine-grained and clean. In order to reduce the very high
melting temperature of silica, soda is added during the glassmaking
process. Calcium carbonate is additionally used to give stability and
consistency to the glass.

15
Glass manufacturing
Glass is a substance that has certain properties, primarily fragility and stiffness,
which makes it similar to solids, but a disordered structure gives it a liquid
qualification. Glass has no thermal and electrical conductivity and does not react
with most of the known chemical compounds.
The primary raw materials in glass are sand, soda, limestone, clarifying agents,
coloring and glistening glass. Glass sand is about ¾th of the entire glass
composition.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
 There are 4 key stages involved in a glass manufacturing process;

 Melting and Refining

 Shaping and foaming
 Annealing
 Finishing
 MELTING AND REFINING

 Within the furnace, a continuous melting process takes place.

 The batch is automatically charged into the furnace, and the materials are
melted at approximately 1550°C. Whilst in the furnace, the molten glass is
homogenized and refined, with bubbles being removed.

 The molten glass will exit the furnace at approximately 1000°C

 In the glass-melting furnace, the raw materials are heated to temperatures ranging
from 1500 to 1700°C (2700–3100°F) and are transformed through a sequence of
chemical reactions to molten glass. The furnaces are generally large, shallow, and
well-insulated vessels that are heated from above. In operation, raw materials are
introduced continuously on top of a bed of molten glass, where they slowly mix
and dissolve.
 Mixing is effected by natural convection, by gases rising from chemical
reactions, and, in some operations, by air injection into the bottom of the bed
 Shaping, foaming or fabrication

 The molten glass is given suitable shape

or form in this stage. It can either be done
by hand or by machine. The hand
fabrication is adopted for small scale
production and machine fabrication is
adopted for large scale production.
 Annealing
 The glass articles, after being manufactured, are to be cooled down slowly and
gradually. This process of slow and homogeneous cooling of glass articles is
known as the annealing of glass.

 The annealing of glass is a very important process. If glass articles are allowed to
cool down rapidly, the superficial layer of glass cools down first as glass is a bad
conductor of heat. The interior portion remains comparatively hot and it is
therefore in a state of strain. Hence, such glass articles break to pieces under very
slight shocks or disturbances.
 Finishing

 All type of annealed glass must go some type of finishing operation which
though relatively simple are very important. These include cleaning ,
grinding, polishing, cutting, sand blasting, enameling, grading and gaging.
Although all of them are not important for every glass object, one or more is
always necessary.
 Why is glass useful?
• Glass is a useful material because it can be used for a variety of
things. Glass is useful for the formation of glass lenses, containers
and windows and windscreens. ... Glass containers are popular
because it stores something without blocking light.

23
 Types of glasses
Potash Lead Glass
Borosilicate Glass
 Colored Glass

24
 Types of glasses

• Potash Lead Glass It is commonly

called „lead crystal glass”, made from
sand, red lead, potassium carbonate
and may also include some soda. It is
widely used to manufacture the finest
tableware and in certain cases,
electrical products.
.
25
 Types of glasses
• Borosilicate Glass Borosilicate glass contains
about 81 per cent silica, only 4 per cent lime or
soda, 2 per cent alumina and 13 per cent boric
oxide and is heat and shock resistant. It is used to
make baking ware, glass pipelines and telescopic
mirrors

26
 Types of glasses
• Colored Glass Colored glass contains metals or certain
metal compounds to give the glass a certain color. For
instance, one part of nickel oxide in 500 produces a tint
that may range from yellow to purple depending on the
base glass; one part of cobalt oxide in 1000 gives an
intense blue. The red color is usually caused by small
amounts of copper or gold, or compounds of selenium
or cadmium. Similarly, many other colors can be
produced in glass by adding certain other chemicals.
27
28
 USES OF GLASS
• it is 100% natural – made from the age-old combination of sand, soda ash and limestone.
• It is an inert material that does not react with the food and drink it carries.
• is able to preserve taste and vitamins without any chemicals.
• when a glass bottle reaches the end of its life, it is 100% recyclable .
• it is melted down into what is known as cullet and used to produce more glass products.

29