Reading and
Writing Skills
11 - STEM SAGITTARIUS
GROUP 4
Marielle M. Gallego Gia G. Dapar Wendy Colin Canoy
Jayson Billones Cherry Ann Andraque
Contents
Lesson 5.1 - Comparison and
01. Contrast
Lesson 5.2 - Cause and
02. Effect
Lesson 5.3 - Problem -
03. Solution
Lesson 5.4 - Process
04. Analysis
Lesson 5.1
Comparison
and
Contrast
Objectives
Define Comparison and Contrast
Explain the use of Comparison and
Contrast
in Reading and Writing
Provide Examples
for Comparison and Contrast
What is Comparison?
* Ways of looking at things to
determine how they are similar
Comparison to each other.
* Signaled by words such as also, like,
both, as, as similarly, in the same way,
equally important and like wise.
Exampl
e... and play have their differences but these
Novel
two also have their similarities like both plays and
novels are forms of storytelling. Also, Novel and
Play both require the use of language and literary
techniques. Lastly, they both have plots, complete
with rising action, climax, falling action, and
resolution; they both have conflicts, characters,
What is Contrast?
Illustrating how people,
Contrast things, places, and situations
are different from each other.
Signaled by words such as
but, however, though, on
the other hand, and in
contrast.
EXAMPLE..
Knowledge and wisdom are considered by many as similar they
are actually two different things. Knowledge is data and facts that
one has learned about. It is made up of information that has been
acquired through study, by investigation, by observation, or by
experience. Wisdom, on the other hand, is the ability to know
when one's knowledge is right and applicable to one's life. It
involves knowing when and how to use that knowledge in order to
make good decisions.
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
A paragraph that shows Comparison and Contrast
has a unifying idea or purpose. There must be a
balance in such a way that there is an equal
amount of information for each subject to avoid
bias.
Lesson 5.2 Objectives:
Cause and
*Define Cause and Effect
Effect
*Determine the signal
words used for Cause and
Effect
Cause
States why something happened.
Example..
I studied hard last night.
Effect
The result of cause. States what
happened.
Example..
I got a perfect score on our exam.
CAUSE AND EFFECT PATTERN
helps the writer explain how an
event or action leads to another .
Signal Words for
Cause and Effect
• as a result
• accordingly
• because of (this)
• due to (this)
• consequently
• hence/therefore/thus
WAYS TO UTILIZE THE CAUSE
AND EFFECT WRITING PATTERN
•CAUSE TO EFFECT
In this pattern, the cause, which is either an
event or action is stated right at the
beginning of a paragraph, followed by
statement on its effects.
Example:
Filipinos are known to be happy people . This is
because Filipino are adept at dealing with
adversities. They are resilient and still find joy
even during hard times
•EFFECT TO CAUSE
The effect is stated at the beginning of
the text, followed by sentences find
paragraphs that further explain the
cause.
Example :
Some individuals have a sharp memory. They
find it easy to memorize terms, languages,
concepts, images, or situation. They can
effortlessly recall even the smallest or simplest
details when needed.
•CONSECUTIVE CAUSE
AND EFFECT
In this type of organization, each cause has its
corresponding effect, and they are tackled one
by one In a few sentences or paragraphs.
Example :
Diabetes, one of the most common illness in the
Philippines, is caused by uncontrolled sugar in the
body. Once sugar is uncontrolled and unmonitored,
some bodily function will be affected.
Lesson 5.3
Problem- Objectives :
Solution
*Define Problem -
Solution
Problem
an unsatisfactory situation that
causes troubles or difficulties that
need to be solved.
Solution
a way to deal with the situation
so that the troubles or
difficulties are removed.
Problem-solution pattern
used to deal with topics that
logically pose problems and present
solutions.
WAYS TO UTILIZE PROBLEM
- SOLUTION WRITING
PATTERN
Problem-Solution
This is a pattern that has a
straightforward approach. The
problem is stated simply, and a
possible solution is given.
Example :
The heavy traffic in the metro is always seen as an inescapable social
problem. At some points, government officials may even call for the
president to use his emergency powers to resolve the issue. However
difficult the problem is, different people from different sectors have
different solutions to recommend. But with all of these, simple listening
may do a significant part. If the commuters and drivers would only know
how to listen and follow traffic rules, heavy traffic would be alleviated.
Problem-Cause-Solution
In this pattern, the cause of the problem is
identified and analyzed before a possible
solution is presented.
Example :
Over the last decade, the rates of childhood obesity have been
rising in the Philippines. There are several reasons for this. One
is that parents tend to indulge their children with unhealthy
food and sweets. Another is that children nowadays are a lot
less physically active because they are more inclined to
spending their time playing with gadgets rather than playing
outside.
Problem-Process-Solution
This pattern discusses the process or procedure
extensively. The discussion addresses the
problem while the leaders are led to the
solutions.
Example :
A school in Baltimore is studying how meditation affects
the behavior of children. Instead of placing misbehaving
students in detention, the school is now having them go
to a meditation room where they are taught some
meditation and mindfulness techniques.
Lesson 5.4
Objectives :
Process
Analysis *Define Process
Analysis
Process
a series of actions or steps toward a
specific end.
Analysis
Detailed examination
Process Analysis
refers to the systematic approach of examining a
process to understand its intricacies, sequence of
steps, and relevant components. It aims to provide
clarity on the methods and operations involved in
achieving a specific outcome.
1. Process Examination
Step-by-step analysis of a process
to understand its sequence.
2. Component Analysis
Identification and scrutiny of
individual components within a
process.
3. Outcome Understanding
Analysis of the process to comprehend the
intended output or result.
Importance of
Process Analysis in
Writing
-Clarity in Instructions
-Enhanced Comprehension
-Effective Communication
Common Patterns of
Development in
Process Analysis
1. Chronological Order
Information presented in thesequence in
which it occurs.
2. Causal Analysis
Explanation of cause and effect
relationship
3. Step-by-Step Analysis
Detailed explanation of eachstep within the
process.
Chronological Order
1. First Step
2. Subsequent Steps
3. Final Step
Causal Analysis
1) Cause
2) Effect
3) Interconnections
*Step-by-Step Analysis
-Breakdown of Steps
-Sequential Progression
-Detailed explanation of each sequential step.
-Understanding the flow and progression of
tasks.
Comparison and Contrast in Process
Analysis
-Differences
-Similarities
-Unique Aspects
(Transitional Words Used in Process Analysis Texts)
• first
• second
• then
• after
• lastly
• finally
Instructional/Directive Process
Analysis Text
-teaches readers steps that lead
to a particular result.
Example :
When writing a research paper, the first thing to do is to identify the problem you
want to solve or the phenomenon you want to study. After that, you need to know
who will be your target respondents or what will be the research environment.
Once these are specified, you can now work on an outline of your plan regarding
the data gathering procedure. This will guide you throughout the research
process. Once the draft is done and approved, gather data from relevant sources
and/or from your respondents. Ensure that you keep a record of the findings.
Then, write conclusions based on your results. Support your conclusions using
your gathered related literature or studies. Finally, make a list of
recommendations for the benefactors of the study.
Informative Process Analysis
Text
explains how a certain process
works.
Example :
There are two ways to deposit money to one's bank account. One
isthrough the ATM (Automated Teller Machine) where the money can
beslipped into the machine after keying in the account number anddetails
like the amount of money. Another way is by over-the-
countertransaction. To do this, you have to present the account details
and theamount of money to be deposited to the bank teller. This is
usuallypreferred by those depositing a larger amount of money, while the
ATMis often used by those who prefer its convenience and availability
sincethe machine can be used even after regular banking hours.
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING!
QUIZ
TIME!
(5.1)
1. It is a way of looking at things to determine how they are similar to each other
2-5. Give signal words used in comparison
6. It illustrates how things are different from each other
7-10. Give signal words used in contrast
11-20. Explain how we can avoid being biased in using comparison and Contrast in
a paragraph
(5.2)
21. What is cause?
22. What is effect?
23. How important are cause and effect patterns?
24-29. Give the 6 signal words (in any order)
30-32 How to identify if the sentence is cause to effect, effect to cause, and
consecutive cause and effect?
(5.3)
33. A way to deal with the situation so that the troubles or difficulties are removed.
34. An unsatisfactory situation that causes troubles or difficulties that need to be solved.
35. used to deal with topics that logically pose problems and present solutions.
36. This pattern discusses the process or procedure extensively. The discussion addresses
the problem while the leaders are led to the solutions.
37. This is a pattern that has a straightforward approach. The problem is stated simply, and a
possible solution is given.
38-40. GIVE THE EXAMPLES OF THE FOLLOWING:
-problem solution
-Problem Cause Solution
-Problem Process Solution
(5.4)
41-44. Define what is Process Analysis.
45-46. What are the importance of Process Analysis?
47-50. Give the common patterns of development in process analysis.
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING!
