Topic-blood
What is blood ?
What is haemopoiesis / hematopiesis?
How blood coagulation or clotting takes
Place?
How blood groups are deterimined?
Blood:-
• It’s a fluid connective tissue.
• its a red colour fluid circulates in our body which transports gases and minerals.
• Normal value:- 5 liters in healthy adult.
• pH:- 7.4
• Red colour of blood is due to pigment present in blood known as hemoglobin which contains 4 irons.
• Components of blood:
RBC or erythrocyte (5.5 million/Cu mm)
WBC or leukocyte (4000-11000 /Cu mm)
- granulocytes
1. Neutrophiles
2. Eosinophiles
3. Basophiles
- agranulocytes
1.Monocytes
2.Lymphocytes
Platelet or thrombocyte(1,50,000 around);
Plasma (straw coloured fluid or matrix)
Functions of blood:-
• Nutritive functions
• Respiratory functions
• Excretory functions
• Transportation of hormones, gases and enzymes.
• Regulations of water balance and acid base balance
• Regulation of body temperature
• Storage function
• Defense function
Serum:- plasma – fibrinogen
RBC
Biconcave , disc shaped
Denucleated, DNA is also absent
Lifespan-120 days
Graveyard of RBC – Spleen
Erythropoiesis :- the process of formation of RBC
RBC is combined with oxygen and forms oxyhemoglobin
RBC carry blood group antigen and Rh factor. This helps in determination of
blood groups and prevents incompatible blood transfusion
RBC is formed in red bone marrow
Red bone marrow is found in flat bones such as hip bone, sternum skull,
ribs etc.
Anemia- a disorder characterised by reducution in RBC
WBC
• Colour less
• Nucleated
• Large in size and less in number as compared to RBC
• Role:- defense mechanism
• Lifespan is very less than RBC
• There are two types of WBC
Granulocytes (contains granuales )
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranulocytes (no granules)
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Haematopoiesis or Hemopoiesis
the process of origin, development and maturation of all the blood.
• Disease related to blood
1. Haemophilia
2. Thrombocytopenia
3. Sickle cell anmiea
4. Thalassemia
5. Von Willebrand disease, etc.
Platelets
• Small
• Denucleated
• Colour less
• Shape- rod like, spherical and oval shaped.
• Platelet count increases with high altitude.
• Functions of platelets
Role in blood clotting
Role in clot retraction
Role in prevention of blood loss
Repaire of ruptured blood vassels
Role in defence machinism
• What is blood coagulation?
Clotting:- the mass of coagulated blood contains formed elements entrapped in fibrin
meshwork.
Stages of coagulation:-
1. Formation of prothrombin activator
2. Conversion of prothrombin into thrombin
3. Conversion fibrinogen into fibrin
Tests for blood clotting
• Bleeding time
• Clotting time
• Thrombin time
Bleeding disorders
• Hemophilia
• Purpura
• Von Willebrand disease
Blood groups
Discovery-karl Landsteiner in 1901
ABO blood groups are carbohydrates in nature
Rh are proteins in nature
Blood groups are determined upon reaction between antigen and antibody.
Group Antigen in RBC Antibody in serum
A A Anti-B
B B Anti-A
AB A and B No antibody
O No antigen Anti-A and Anti-B
• Persons with Blood group O are called as are called as universal donor.
• Persons with blood group AB are called as universal recipients
Rh factor
• Rh factor is an antigen present RBC
• Discovery:- landsteineer and wiener
• Discoverd in rhesus monkey
• Persons having D antigen are called Rh positive
• Persons without D antigen Rh negative
• There is no risk of complications if the Rh positive person recives Rh
negative blood
Blood mismatching :- if a person receive blood that is not compatible
with persons blood then body produces antibodies To destroy the
donors blood cells leading to transfusion disorder
Sign and symptoms of transfusion reactions
1. Jaundice
2. Cardiac shock
3. Renal shutdown
4. Erythroblastosis fetalis
5. Nausea
6. Lower back pain
Presented by :- Shalini patel
Guided by :- Dr. Priya mehta
THANK YOU
