SCIENCE 8

Chapter 9

Periodic Table
Lesson 9.1

Development of the Periodic

Table
 5.2

Periodic Table
• It is a list of chemical elements displayed in table form
 5.2

History of the Periodic Table

Although Dmitri Mendeleev is often

considered the "father" of the
periodic table, the work of many
scientists contributed to its present
form.
 5.2

History of the Periodic Table

Hennig Brand
- the first scientific
discovery of an element
occurred in 1649 when
phosphorous was discovered.
History of the Periodic Table
Antoine Lavoisier
- Wrote the first list of elements
containing 33 elements.

- Distinguished
between metal or
nonmetal
History of the Periodic Table

Jons Jakob Berzelius (1828)

- Developed a table of
atomic weights
- Introduced letters to
symbolize elements
History of the Periodic Table
Law of Triads
 In 1817, Johann Dobereiner noticed that the atomic weight of
strontium fell midway between the weights of calcium and
barium, elements possessing similar chemical properties.

ELEMENT ATOMIC MASS Mean of I and III

I. Calcium 40
II. Strontium 88
III.Barium 137
History of the Periodic Table
Law of Triads
 Dobereiner discovered the halogen triad composed of
chlorine, bromine, and iodine and the alkali metal triad of
lithium, sodium and potassium

ELEMENT ATOMIC MASS Mean of I and III

I. Chlorine 35.5
II. Bromine 80
III.Iodine 127
History of the Periodic Table
Law of Triads
 Dobereiner discovered the halogen triad composed of
chlorine, bromine, and iodine and the alkali metal triad of
lithium, sodium and potassium

ELEMENT ATOMIC MASS Mean of I and III

I. Lithium 7
II. Sodium 23
III.Potassium 39
History of the Periodic Table
Law of Triads
 In 1829, Dobereiner proposed that
nature contained triads of elements
the middle element had properties
that were an average of the other
two members when ordered by the
atomic weight.
History of the Periodic Table
First Attempts At Designing a Periodic Table

 The credit for the first periodic table

(published in 1862) probably should be
given to a French geologist, A.E.Beguyer
de Chancourtois.
 De Chancourtois transcribed a list of the
elements positioned on a cylinder in terms
of increasing atomic weight.
History of the Periodic Table
First Attempts At Designing a Periodic Table

 de Chancourtois to
propose that "the
properties of the
elements are the
properties of
numbers."
History of the Periodic Table
Law of Octaves

 John Newlands, an English

chemist, wrote a paper in 1863
which classified the 56
established elements into 11
groups based on similar
physical properties.
History of the Periodic Table
Law of Octaves

 In 1864 Newlands published his version of the periodic

table and proposed the Law of Octaves (by analogy with
the seven intervals of the musical scale).
 This law stated that any given
element will exhibit analogous
behavior to the eighth element
following it in the table.
History of the Periodic Table
History of the Periodic Table

Lothar Meyer (1869)

 Compiled a Periodic Table of 56

elements based on the periodicity
of properties such as molar
volume when arranged in order
of atomic weight
History of the Periodic Table
Dmitri Mendeleev (1869)
 Produced a table based on atomic weights but arranged
'periodically' with elements with similar properties under each
other
 Gaps were left for elements that were unknown at that time and
their properties predicted (the elements were gallium,
scandium and germanium)
 The order of elements was re-arranged if their properties
dictated it
History of the Periodic Table
Discovery of the Noble Gases

 In 1895 Lord Rayleigh reported the

discovery of a new gaseous element named
argon which proved to be chemically inert.
 This element did not fit any of the known
periodic groups.
History of the Periodic Table
Discovery of the Noble Gases
 In 1898, William Ramsey suggested that argon be
placed into the periodic table between chlorine
and potassium in a family with helium.
 This group was termed the "zero" group due to
the zero valency of the elements.
 Ramsey accurately predicted the future discovery
and properties neon.
History of the Periodic Table
Henry Moseley (1913)
 Determined the atomic number of each of the elements
 He modified the 'Periodic Law' to read that the properties of
the elements vary periodically with their atomic numbers
 1914:Predicted that there were 3 unknown elements between
aluminum and gold
 Concluded there were only 92 elements up to and including
uranium
History of the Periodic Table

Henry Moseley (1913)

History of the Periodic Table
Glenn Seaborg (1940)
 Synthesized transuranic elements
– The elements after uranium #92 in
the periodic table
– Also part of the Actinides
SCIENCE 8
Chapter 9

Periodic Table
Lesson 9.1

Modern Periodic Table

1
LABEL THE COLUMNS!! 18
14 15 16 17
2 13

7 8
3 4 5 6 9 10 11 12
What is the PERIODIC TABLE?

o Shows all known elements

in the universe.
o Organizes the elements by
chemical properties.
Key to the Periodic Table

• Elements are organized

on the table according
to their atomic number.
Atomic Number
• This refers to how many
protons an atom of that
element has.
• No two elements, have
the same number of
protons.

Bohr Model of Hydrogen Atom

Wave Model
Atomic Mass
• Atomic Mass refers to
the “weight” of the
atom.
• It is derived at by adding
the number of protons This is a helium atom. Its atomic
with the number of H
mass is 4 (protons plus neutrons).
neutrons.
What is its atomic number?
Valence Electrons
• Valence electrons are the
electrons in the outer
energy level of an atom.
• These are the electrons
that are transferred or
shared when atoms bond
together.
Rows are called “Periods”
Periods = rows
• From left to right
• What do elements in a row have in
common?
– the same number of electron shells
• Every element in Period 1 (1st row)
has 1 shell for its electrons (H & He)
• All of the elements in period 2 have
two shells for their electrons.
Columns are called “Groups” or Families
Column = group = families
• What do elements in a group have in common?
– same number of valence electrons (electrons in the outer shell)
• They share similar characteristics with the other elements in their
family.
• Group 1: 1 valence electron
• Group 2: 2 valence electrons
• Group 13: 3 valence electrons
• Group 14: 4 valence electrons
• Group 15: 5 valence electrons
• Group 16: 6 valence electrons
• Group 17: 7 valence electrons
• Group 18: 8 valence electrons except He who has 2
Properties of Metals
• Good conductors of heat
and electricity
• Shiny.
• Ductile (can be stretched
into thin wires)
• Malleable (can be pounded
into thin sheets)
• A chemical property of
metal is its reaction with
water which results in
corrosion.
Properties of Non-Metals
• Poor conductors of heat
and electricity
• Not ductile or malleable
• Brittle and break easily
• Dull
• Many non-metals are
gases.
Sulfur
Properties of Metalloids
• Have properties of both metals
and non-metals
• Solids that can be shiny or dull.
• Conduct heat and electricity better
than non-metals but not as well as
metals.
• They are ductile and malleable.

Silicon
Region: Metals
Group 1: Alkali Metals
• 1 valence electron

• Very Reactive
Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals
• 2 valence
electrons
• Very reactive, but
less than alkali
metals
Groups 3 – 12: Transition Metals
• 1-2 valence electrons
• Less reactive than alkaline
earth metals because they
don’t give away their
electrons as easily
• Bottom 2 row are the
Lanthanide & Actinide
series
• Lanthanide Series:
• shiny reactive metals
• Most found in nature

• Actinides Series:
• radioactive and unstable
• Most are man-made &
not stable in nature
Region: Metalloids
Region: Nonmetals
Group 17: Halogens
• 7 valence
electrons
• Very reactive
• Nonmetals
Group 18: Noble Gases
 8 valence electrons
(except He which only
has 2)
 “Happy” because their
outer electron shell is
filled!
 NON REACTIVE (inert)
gases
 Nonmetals
SCIENCE 8
Chapter 9

Periodic Table
Lesson 9.3

Electronic Configuration and

Periodic Table
 5.2

Electron Configuration
• The ways in which electrons are arranged in various orbitals
around the nuclei of atoms are called electron
configurations.

It shows the probable distribution of electrons around the nucleus

of an atom.
Using the Electronic configuration
• Principal quantum number
• Subshell
• Valence electron
• Group/Family
• Period
• Element
For example:

a) n= 4 e) period= 4
b) subshell=s-orbital f) Element= K
c) Valence electron (v.e.)= 1
d) Group/Family= G1A
For example:

a) n= 3 e) period= 3
b) subshell=p-orbital f) Element= Ar
c) Valence electron (v.e.)= 2+6=8
d) Group/Family= GVIIIA
For example:

a) n= 3 e) period= 3
b) subshell=p-orbital f) Element= S

c) Valence electron (v.e.)= 2+4=6

d) Group/Family= GVIA
Periodic Trends
Periodic Trends
Periodic Trends
Periodic Trends
Periodic Trends