DJA40072 – INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

CHAPTER 1 : TYPES OF ENGINES

AHMAD JAMSANI BIN MAHMUD
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN
010-6551961 | [email protected]

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CHAPTER 1 - TYPES OF ENGINES

Understand engine classification and operation

1.1.1 Distinguish between Internal Combustion Engine and
External Combustion Engine
1.1.2 Distinguish between reciprocating engine and rotary engine
1.1.3 Explain the operation of various types of engine cycles
a. 2-Stroke Spark Ignition Engine
b. 2 -Stroke Compression Ignition Engine
c. 4-Stoke Spark Ignition Engine
d. 4-Stroke Compression Ignition Engine
1.1.4 Explain the operation of Rotary (Wankel) engine
1.1.5 Explain the operation of Sterling Engine
1.1.6 Explain the term of ‘Natural Aspirated Engine’
1.1.7 Explain the number of cylinder in reciprocating engines

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LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of this chapter, student should able to understand:

• Distinguish between Internal Combustion Engine and External Combustion Engine

• Distinguish between reciprocating engine and rotary engine
• Explain the operation of various types of engine cycles
 2-Stroke Spark Ignition Engine
 2-Stroke Compression Ignition Engine
 4-Stoke Spark Ignition Engine
 4-Stroke Compression Ignition Engine
• Explain the operation of Rotary (Wankel) engine
• Explain the operation of Sterling Engine
• Explain the term of ‘Natural Aspirated Engine’
• Explain the number of cylinder in reciprocating engines

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CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES

Automotive engine can be classified by some type such as:

Type of Engine • Internal combustion (IC)
• External Combustion (EC)
Type of fuel • Petrol, Diesel, Gas, Bio / Alternative
Fuels
Number of strokes • Two stroke S.I , Two-Stroke C.I
• Four Stroke S.I , Four Stroke C.I
Type of ignition • Spark Ignition (S.I)
• Compression Ignition (C.I)
Arrangement of cylinders • Inline, V, W, Horizontal, Radial
Motion of Pistons • Reciprocatory
• Rotary
Number of Cylinders • From 1 to upto 18 cylinders (in a car)
Size / Capacity ~

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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE VS

EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
Internal combustion engine (ICE)
• The ICE is an engine in which combustion of fuel takes place inside the engine in a
combustion chamber
• The combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually
air) in a combustion chamber.
• Example: 2 stroke, 4 Stroke, Reciprocating, Rotary, Spark Ignition, Compression
Ignition, Gas Turbine

External combustion engine (ECE)

• An ECE is an engine which the combustion of fuel takes place outside the engine
• External combustion engine also can be defined as a heat engine where an
(internal) working fluid is heated by combustion in an external source, through the
engine wall or a heat exchanger.
• The fluid then, by expanding and acting on the mechanism of the engine, produces
motion and usable work. The fluid is then cooled, compressed and reused (closed
cycle), or (less commonly) dumped, and cool fluid pulled in (open cycle air engine).
• Example: Steam Engine, Sterling Engine

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EXAMPLE OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Reciprocating Rotary 2 / 4 Stroke Compress Ignition Spark Ignition

Engine Engine Engine Engine Engine

EXAMPLE OF EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Steam Engine Sterling Engine

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RECIPROCATING ENGINE AND ROTARY ENGINE

Reciprocating Engine
Linear motion of the pistons move up and down
convert into rotational motion of the crankshaft

Rotary Engine
Rotational motion of rotor rotates around the inner shaft
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RECIPROCATING ENGINE

 A heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert pressure
into a rotating motion
 A reciprocating engine, also often known as a piston engine,
 They use the reciprocating (linear) motion of the pistons convert into rotational
motion of crankshaft

Example of Reciprocating Engine

Steam Engine

2 Stroke 4 Stroke Compress Spark Ignition

Engine Engine Ignition Engine
Engine

Sterling Engine
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SPARK IGNITION (S.I) ENGINE

• In SI engines, the Otto cycle is used

• In this cycle, addition of heat or fuel combustion occurs at a constant
volume.
• In SI engines petrol or gasoline is used as fuel, hence these engines are
also called petrol/gasoline engine
• During intake stroke, air fuel mixture entering the combustion
chamber
• Combustion occur when air-fuel mixture ignite by spark plug in power
stroke
• The compression ratio of S.I engine slightly low in the range of 6 to 10
depending on the size of the engine and the power to be produced
• SI engines are lightweight, and the fuel is homogeneously burned,
hence achieving very high speeds
• Lower thermal efficiency
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COMPRESSION IGNITION (C.I) ENGINE

• The cycle of CI engines is the Diesel cycle.

• In this cycle the addition of heat or fuel combustion occurs at a
constant pressure.

• In CI engines, fuel is injected into compressed air during the beginning

of power stroke. The fuel starts burning instantly due to the high
pressure and temperature
• Compression ratio is higher between 16 to 20.
• Heavier than SI engine due to the size of the engine
• Lower speed, but high torque
• High thermal efficiency
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SPARK IGNITION (S.I) ENGINE vs

COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE (C.I)

DESCRIPTION SI ENGINE CI ENGINE

Basic Cycle Otto cycle Diesel Cycle
Fuel Gasoline Diesel
Intake Stroke Air fuel mixture entering the Air only entering intake stroke
intake stroke
Ignition Uses spark plug for ignition Self ignition due to fuel inject into high
compressed air
Compression ratio 6 to 10 (Low) 16 to 20 (High)
Speed Used for high speed Used for comparatively low speed

Thermal efficiency Lower compared to CI engines Higher compared to SI engines

Weight Lighter Heavier

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TWO STROKE SPARK IGNITION ENGINE

• completes the process cycle in one revolution of the

crankshaft (an up stroke and a down stroke of the piston,
compared to twice that number for a four-stroke engine).
• This is accomplished by using the end of the combustion
stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke
to perform simultaneously the intake and exhaust (or
scavenging)
• In this way, two-stroke engines often provide high
specific power, at least in a narrow range of rotational speeds.
• The functions of some or all of the valves required by a four-stroke
engine are usually served in a two-stroke engine by ports that are
opened and closed by the motion of the piston(s), greatly reducing the
number of moving parts.
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FOUR STROKE SPARK IGNITION ENGINE

• A four-stroke engine, also known as four-cycle, is an internal

combustion engine in which the piston completes four separate
strokes - intake, compression, power, and exhaust
• Having two separate revolutions of the engine's crankshaft, for one
single thermodynamic cycle.
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DIFFERENT FOUR STROKE AND TWO STROKE ENGINE

TWO STROKE ENGINE FOUR STROKE ENGINE

One Revolution Of Crankshaft Per Two Revolution Of Crankshaft Per
Cycle Cycle
Generate High Torque Compare To 4 Less Torque Due
Strokes Engine
Used Port To Inlet And Outlet Valve To Inlet And Outlet.

Require Lighter Flywheel Heavy Flywheel

Low Thermal Efficiency. High Thermal Efficiency.

High Power To Weight Ratio Less Power To Weight Ratio.

Compare To Others.
Lighter Due To Less Component Heavier Due To Complicated
Component
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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF 2 STROKE SPARK IGNITION ENGINE

1 - Intake Compression

The fuel/air mixture is first drawn into the

crankcase by the vacuum that is created during
the upward stroke of the piston. The illustrated
engine features a poppet intake valve; however,
many engines use a rotary value incorporated into Intake
the crankshaft.

Power
2 - Crankcase Compression

During the downward stroke, the poppet valve is

forced closed by the increased crankcase pressure.
The fuel mixture is then compressed in the
Crankcase
crankcase during the remainder of the stroke.
Compression
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3 - Transfer/Exhaust Exhaust
Toward the end of the stroke, the piston exposes the
intake port, allowing the compressed fuel/air mixture in
the crankcase to escape around the piston into the main
cylinder. This expels the exhaust gasses out the exhaust
port, usually located on the opposite side of the cylinder. Transfer
Unfortunately, some of the fresh fuel mixture is usually
expelled as well.

4 - Compression
The piston then rises, driven by flywheel momentum, and
compresses the fuel mixture. (At the same time, another
intake stroke is happening beneath the piston).

5 - Power
At the top of the stroke, the spark plug ignites the fuel
mixture. The burning fuel expands, driving the piston
downward, to complete the cycle. (At the same time,
another crankcase compression stroke is happening
beneath the piston.)
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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF 2 STROKE SPARK IGNITION ENGINE

COMPRESSION POWER EXHAUST

Compression Exhaust
Power
Transfer
Intake
Crankcase
Compression

CRANKCASE
INTAKE TRANSFER
COMPRESSION
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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF 2 STROKE SPARK IGNITION ENGINE

Compression Power Transfer & Exhaust

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Intake
Exhaust
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF 4 STROKE S.I ENGINE Valve:
Valve:
OPEN
CLOSED
INTAKE STROKE:
• Intake valves open while exhaust valve oclose Air-fuel
Mixture
• Piston move from the top of the cylinder (TDC) to the Piston enter
move from
bottom of the cylinder (BDC) TDC to BDC combustion
• A mixture of Air-fuel, is forced into the cylinder through chamber
the intake valve.
• Low pressure in cylinder created by downward
movement of piston resulted lower pressure than
atmosphere force the air-fuel mixture Exhaust Intake
Valve: Valve:
CLOSED CLOSED
COMPRESSION STROKE:
• Intake and exhaust valves closed Air-fuel
• Piston move from the bottom of the cylinder (BDC)to Mixture
Piston compressed
the bottom of the top of cylinder (TDC) by piston
move from
• Movement upward of the piston compressing fuel- BDC to TDC
air mixture into the combustion chamber of the
cylinder head
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Exhaust Intake
POWER STROKE Valve: Valve:
• Intake and exhaust valves closed CLOSED CLOSED
• At TDC, Spark plug start ignite air fuel mixture
produce combustion process Spark Plug
Piston Ignite the
• Resulting massive pressure from the combustion move from air-fuel
TDC to BDC
forces the piston move from the top of the mixture
cylinder (TDC) to the bottom of the cylinder
(BDC)

EXHAUST STROKE
Exhaust Intake
• Intake valves closed while exhaust valve open Valve: Valve:
• Piston move from the bottom of the cylinder OPEN CLOSED
(BDC) return to the top of cylinder (TDC)
Exhaust
• This action evacuates the burnt products of gases push
Piston
move from
combustion from the cylinder by expelling the out through BDC to TDC
spent fuel-air mixture out through the exhaust the exhaust
valve
valve(s).
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4 STROKE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE

In compression ignition (CI) engines, burning of fuel occurs due to injection of fuel
into high compression pressure of air. At very high pressures, air in the combustion
chamber is too high, enough to result self ignition of the fuel. Diesel, starts burning
automatically without the need of any external flame. The cycle of operation of the CI
engine is completed in four-strokes: Intake, Compression, Power, and Exhaust.

A four stroke CI engine consists of the following

four strokes.

1. Intake Stroke
2. Compression Stroke
3. Power Stroke
4. Exhaust Stroke

Schematic Diagram for Diesel Engine

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Exhaust Intake
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF 4 STROKE CI ENGINE Valve:
Valve:
CLOSED OPEN

INTAKE STROKE:
• Piston Air enter
Intake valves open while exhaust valve oclose combustion
move from
• Piston move from the top of the cylinder (TDC) to TDC to BDC chamber
the bottom of the cylinder (BDC)
• Air is forced into the cylinder through the intake valve.
• Low pressure in cylinder created by downward
movement of piston resulted lower pressure than create
suction effect to force the air enter the cylinder.
Exhaust Intake
Valve: Valve:
CLOSED CLOSED
COMPRESSION STROKE:
• Intake and exhaust valves closed
Air
• Piston move from the bottom of the cylinder Piston
move from compressed
(BDC)to the bottom of the top of cylinder (TDC) by piston
BDC to TDC
• Movement upward of the piston compressing air
into the combustion chamber of the cylinder head
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Exhaust Intake
POWER STROKE: Valve: Valve:
• Intake and exhaust valves closed CLOSED CLOSED
• At TDC, Diesel fuel was injected into compressed air in
combustion chamber to produce combustion process Diesel fuel
Piston
• Resulting massive pressure from the combustion move from injected into
forces the piston move from the top of the cylinder TDC to BDC compressed
air
(TDC) to the bottom of the cylinder (BDC)

EXHAUST STROKE Exhaust Intake

• Intake valves closed while exhaust valve open Valve: Valve:
• Due to the high pressure of the burnt gases the piston OPEN CLOSED
moves towards bottom dead center (BDC)
• Piston move from the bottom dead center (BDC) return Exhaust Piston
gases push move from
to the top odead center (TDC) out through BDC to TDC
• This action evacuates the burnt products of combustion the exhaust
from the cylinder by expelling the spent fuel-air mixture valve
out through the exhaust valve(s).
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OPERATION OF STIRLING ENGINE

Cooling and compression: Most of the gas (shown by the

blue squares) is over on the right at the cooler end of the
cylinder. As it cools and contracts, giving up some of its
heat, which is removed by the heat sink, both pistons
move inward (toward the center).

Transfer and regeneration: The displacer piston moves to

the right and the cooled gas moves around it to the
hotter part of the cylinder on the left. The volume of the
gas remains constant as it passes back through the
regenerator (heat exchanger) to pick up some of the heat
it previously deposited.
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Heating and expansion: Most of the gas (shown by the

red squares) is now on the left in the hot end of the
cylinder. It's heated by the fire (or other heat source) so
its pressure rises and it expands, absorbing energy. As
the gas expands, it pushes the work piston to the right,
which drives the flywheel and whatever the engine is
powering. In this part of the cycle, the engine converts
heat energy into mechanical energy (and does work).

Transfer and cooling: The displacer piston moves to the

left and the hot gas moves around it to the cooler part
of the cylinder on the right. The volume of the gas
remains constant as it passes through the regenerator
(heat exchanger), giving up some of its energy on the
way. The cycle is now complete and ready to repeat
itself.
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ROTARY ENGINE
 A rotary engine is essentially a standard Otto cycle engine, but instead of having a
fixed cylinder block with rotating crankshaft as with a conventional radial engine,
the crankshaft remains same but the entire cylinder block (Rotor) rotates around it.
 The rotor is contained in an oval shaped housing, and performs the common four-
stroke cycle of an internal combustion engine
 The rotor is connected to an output shaft which spins 3 times faster than the rotor
 Every stroke is occurring at the same time, just in different chambers. This gives
three power-strokes for every turn of the rotor
 The energy converting process in a Wankel rotary engine is divided into four
processes.
 These are intake, compression, power and exhaust. All processes are going on at
the same time around each rotor while the engine is running.
 The engine has three lobed. The rotor driven eccentrically in the
casing in such a way that there are three separate volumes
trapped between the rotor and the casing. Act like combustion
camber
 These three volumes perform induction, compassion,
combustion and exhaust processes in sequences.
 Example of rotary engine: Wankel Engine
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ROTARY ENGINE

Wankle Engine Stroke of Wankel Engine

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PART OF ROTARY ENGINE

Rotor : The rotor has three convex faces which acts like a piston.
The 3 corners of rotor forms a seal to the outside of the
combustion chamber. It also has internal gear teeth in the center
on one side. This allows the rotor to revolve around a fix shaft.
Housing : The housing is epitrochoidal in shape(roughly oval). The
housing is cleverly designed as the 3 tips or corners of the rotor
always stay in contact with the housing. The intake and exhaust
ports are located in the housing. Housing contains inlet and outlet
port, spark plug, water jacket etc.
Inlet & exhaust ports : The intake port lets fresh mixture enter
into combustion chamber & the exhaust gases expel out through
outlet/exhaust port.
Spark plug : A spark plug delivers electric current to the combustion chamber which ignites the air-
fuel mixture leading to abrupt expansion of gas.
Output shaft : The output shaft has eccentric lobes mounted on it, which means they are offset
from centerline of the shaft. The rotor is not in pure rotation, but we need these eccentric lobes for
pure rotation of the shaft.
Apex seal: All sides of triangular rotor works as the piston. So it is necessary to seal this entire
chamber with one another. To fulfill this function, apex seal is used to each corner of rotor. It is gas
tight sealing between rotor and housing. It is usually made by cast iron and sometime by high
carbon steel.
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ADVANTAGES OF ROTARY ENGINE

• Fewer moving parts: A two-rotor rotary engine has three moving parts—two
rotors and an output shaft
• Smoother: The rotor spins constantly in one direction, unlike reciprocating engines
whose pistons change direction abruptly
• Slower: The rotor spins at one-third the speed of the output shaft, so the main
moving parts move slower than those in a piston engine
• Power Output: Higher output for similar displacement and physical size

DISADVANTEGES OF ROTARY ENGINE

• Higher manufacturing costs: can be higher due to the lower popularity of these
engines.
• High Fuel Efficierncy: Consume more fuel than other engines due to their low
compression ratio
• Lower Thermal Efficiency : Which makes it difficult for them to meet emission
regulations.
• Slow combustion: Fuel combustion is slow, because the combustion chamber is
long, thin, and moving.
• High emissions: As unburnt fuel is in the exhaust stream, emissions requirements
are difficult to meet
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OPERATION OF ROTARY (WANKEL) ENGINE

In a rotary engine, the pressure of combustion is contained in a chamber formed by

part of the housing and sealed in by one face of the triangular rotor, which is what
the engine uses instead of pistons.

Process Operation of Rotary Engine

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OPERATION OF ROTARY (WANKEL) ENGINE

• Intake: This initiates when the tip of the rotor passes the intake port. At this
moment, the chamber is at its smallest and as it rotates the chamber
expands—drawing in the air/fuel mixture. As soon as the rotor end passes
the intake port, it moves on to the compression stage, while the next face of
the rotor starts this step over.

• Compression: As the rotor continues spinning, the air/fuel mixture becomes

compressed because the chamber is decreasing in size. This is necessary for
the next part, which ignites this mixture.

• Ignition: The compressed mixture gets ignited by spark plugs, and the vast
increase in pressure forces the rotor to expand. This is the power-stroke,
providing useful work. Two spark plugs are often needed to provide even
ignition throughout the chamber. The exhaust gas expands into the
chamber, until the rotor tip passes the exhaust port.

• Exhaust: Once the tip passes this port, the high pressure exhaust gases can
flow through the exhaust port. The rotor continues to spin until the end of
its face passes the exhaust port, the tip passes the intake port, and the cycle
repeats.
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NATURALLY ASPIRATED ENGINE

A naturally aspirated engine is an internal combustion engine in which oxygen intake

depends solely on atmospheric pressure and does not rely on forced induction
through a turbocharger or a supercharger

Advantages
• Easier to maintain and repair
• Lower development and production costs
• Increased reliability, partly due to fewer separate parts
• More direct throttle response (due to the lack of turbo lag)

Disadvantages
• Decreased efficiency
• Decreased power-to-weight ratio
• Decreased potential for tuning
• Increased power loss at higher elevation (due to lower air pressure) compared to
forced induction engines
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GAS TURBINE ENGINE

• A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal

combustion engine.
• It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled to a downstream turbine,
and a combustion chamber in-between.
• Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where fuel is mixed
with air and ignited.
• In the high pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of the
fuel increases the temperature.
• The products of the combustion are forced into the turbine section.
• There, the high velocity and volume of the gas flow is directed through a
nozzle over the turbine's blades, spinning the turbine which powers the
compressor and, for some turbines, drives their mechanical output.
• The energy given up to the turbine comes from the reduction in the
temperature and pressure of the exhaust gas.
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Gas turbine engines are, theoretically, extremely simple. They have three
parts:

Compressor - Compresses the incoming air to high pressure

Combustion area - Burns the fuel and produces high-pressure, high-velocity
gas
Turbine - Extracts the energy from the high-pressure, high-velocity
gas flowing from the combustion chamber

Compressor Combustion area Turbine

Schematic Diagram for Jet Turbine
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Diagram for Jet Turbine

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PASS YEAR QUESTION

1.

2.
3.

4.

5.

6.

7.
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END OF CHAPTER 1

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