Electrical Tools and Equipment

Most of electrical works cannot be done using bare

hands. To work easily, electrical tools or
equipment are needed to perform specific jobs.
Electrical Tools and Equipment might help
workers to save time, labor, and resources.
The following are common electrical tools and
equipment needed in the installation of electrical
wiring:
VIII. Drilling Equipment
Tool used indoor or outdoor, to make
holes in building structure for
passage of wires and conduits.
Three Main Classification of Tools and Equipment
Tools are considered as extension of human hand thus increasing speed,
control and precision. It can be used to effortlessly accomplish electrical
task however not consumed in the process.
1. Hand tools are tools manipulated by hands without using electrical
energy such as: puller, hacksaw, pull-push rule, pliers, hammer, and
others.
2. Machine/Power tools are tools manipulated by our hands and with the use
of electrical energy such as: electric drill, grinding wheels, vacuum cleaner
and others. Below are the types of Machine Tools:
a. Pneumatic tools are tools or instruments activated by air pressure.
lb. Hydraulics. An equipment used with a pressure fluid oil to accomplish
work.
c. Electric tools are hand tools or instruments activated by electricity.
3. Measuring Tools are used to measure currents, voltages, resistances,
wattages and other important elements in electrical works.
Electrical Supplies and Materials
Electrical Supplies and Materials
Electrical materials are industrialized and created for a
distinct purpose such as to:

1. control the flow of current in an electrical circuit;

2. carry electrical current from the source to the load or
current consuming device;
3. hold and secure wires to its fixtures indoor or outdoor;
and
4. protect houses, buildings, appliances’ and instruments
from any destruction and damage.
 Rigid Steel Conduit

An electrical conduit is a tube used to protect and route electrical

wiring in a
building or structure. Electrical conduit may be made of metal,
plastic, fiber, or fired
clay. Most conduit is rigid, but flexible conduit is used for some
purposes.
A rigid steel conduit serves the same purpose as with the Electrical Metallic
Tubing. It is designed to protect the electrical wiring of building from
electrical hazard due to faulty wiring.
It is usually installed buried in concrete wall floor and ceiling, in masonry or
similar materials.
It is also used for exposed and concealed work, and it provides maximum
protection when there is mechanical damage. For this wiring method to
be effective, safe and reliable, it is a must that it should follow the Philippine
Electrical Code (PEC) standard and specifications.
PEC Provisions
The Philippine Electrical Code is a set of rules and regulations
which govern all electrical wiring. The following standard and
specifications must be followed in installing Rigid Metal Conduit:
Standard size of RSC
Rigid steel conduit has smooth inside diameter. Its standard length
follows the gas pipe which is 10 feet and a diameter from ½”, ¾” , up to
6 inches.
Protected by enamel.
Conduit protected only with enamel is permitted only in indoor
occupancies not subjected to severe corrosive influences.
Dissimilar metal.
Contacts of metal to another metal must be avoided in installing
RSC to prevent the possibility of galvanic reaction.
Corrosion protection.
Conduits fitting with corrosion protection are permitted to be installed in
concrete, direct earth burial or in areas subjected to corrosive influences.
Fittings (Condulets)
Sharp turns in conduits can be made by fittings called
condulets These fittings are also made by attaching one length
conduit to another by crossing conduits.
The letter L denotes an elbow or fittings used to make right-angle
turns. These fittings are show with their different purposes
Electrical metallic tubing (EMT), sometimes called
thin-wall, is commonly used instead of galvanized
rigid conduit (GRC), as it is less costly and lighter
than GRC. EMT itself is not threaded, but can be
used with threaded fittings that clamp to it.
Number of conductors inside the conduit
The table below shows the number of conductors permitted in a
single conduit
Maximum number of conductors allowed in trade size conduit
from ½” - 3 inches.
Directions: On your separate answer sheet, write the word or words being described in each of
the following statements.
_____1. This toll is shaped to hold pipe for threading, cutting, or reaming.
_____2. It has a smooth inside diameter. Its standard length follows the gas pipe which is 10 feet and a
diameter from ½”, ¾” , up to 6 inches.
_____ 3. Consists of a long ratcheting handle that holds a circular die head at one end, which is a ring
with several sets of teeth inside of it that cut the threads.
_____ 4. They are used to secure pipes, and electrical or cable wiring to horizontal and vertical beams.
_____ 5. IT is typically a rectangular, open-faced box mounted in a wall. It serves to house an electrical
device, such as an electrical receptacle or switch or a GFI.
_____ 6. What is the maximum number of TW/XHHW AWG. 14 conductors allowed in 3/4 trade size
conduit.
_____ 7. After cutting the pipe with hacksaw or pipe cutter, it leaves burrs. This must be removed to
avoid damage of wire insulation when the wire is inserted in to the pipe.
_____ 8. The bent section of the conduit or tubing used to change raceway direction or bypass
obstruction.
_____ 9. This is normally used to bend the conduit around an obstruction, or to relocate the conduit
close to a structural member to make it easier to fasten the conduit.
_____ 10. This tool were originally and principally made for cutting metal, but can also cut various other
materials, such as plastic and wood.
Basic Electricity
Electricity is a form of energy generated by friction,
induction or chemical change, having magnetic, Chemical
and radiant effect. In short, electricity is Electrons in
motion.
Electricity is a property of the basic particles of matter
which like an atom, consists of:
a) Electron
b) Proton
c) Neutron
The Electron is the negatively charged particle of an Atom
sometimes referred to as the negative charge of electricity On
the other hand, the Proton is the positively Charged particle of
an Atom which is sometimes referred to as the positive
Charge of electricity that weighs about 1850 times as much as
the Electron.
The Neutron is that particle of an Atom which is not electrically
charged ·and weighs slightly more than the proton.
Theory:
1. That, all matters are made up of
molecules.
2. that, molecules are made up of
atoms,
3. That, atom contains neutrons,
electrons
and protons
[Link], neutron is neutral, it is neither
positive or negatively charged.
5. That, the electron of an atom of any
substance could be transformed into
another atom.
Definition of Terms.

Ion is the term applied to an atom or molecule which is not electrically

balanced. It is an atom or molecule that. is electrically charged. It simply
means there is a loss or gain of one or more electrons.
Ions occur when the electrons in the atom is loosened through friction by
another atom. Therefore, the presence of
electrons in any organic or inorganic substance is a fact that electricity is
always present.
Volt or Voltage -is the electrical pressure that causes the electron
to move through a conductor (wire). In other words,
voltage is the electromotive force.
·
Comparatively, to have 12 volts is like having.12 pounds of water·
pressure inside the pipe of a water system. 'Thus, the
higher the voltage, the more electricity will be forced to flow. Volt
was named after Alessandro Volta, an Italian~ scientist
who discovered that electrons flow when two different metal are
connected by a wire and then dipped into a liquid that conduct or
carry electrons.
Ampere - is the standard unit used in. measuring the strength of
an electric current, name after Andre M. Ampere.
It is the amount of current flow sent by one volt through the
resistance of one Ohm.
When there is too much flow of electricity in a small conductor or
wire, heat is produced which eventually may blow-off the
protective devise called. fuse, or burn the wire insulator and
create fire.
Watt - is the rate or measure of power used or consumed.
It represents the equivalent heat volts and ampere consumed by
lights, appliances or motors. A term commonly labeled on light
bulbs or appliances, giving us an idea of what kind of circuit
would be installed. The term is named after James Watt a
Scottish inventor.
Circuit refers to the wire installations that supply current
to light and convenient outlets.
Resistance - is the friction or opposition to the flow of
current by ·the wires .and transformers, analogous to
plumbing installation, · where the flow of water is
subjected to resistance caused by friction between the
water. and the inside wall of the pipe, and the various
forms of turns and fittings. For direct current (DC.
electricity), the term Resistance is used. for friction,
and Impedance for alternating current (AC electricity)
Factors that Influences Conductor, Resistance.
.
1. Composition of the Conductor: This refers to a conductor
having free electrons that has low resistance.
2. Length of Wire. The longer wire the higher is the resistance.
3. Cross Sectional Area of Wire. The bigger the cross-sectional
area of wire, the lower its resistance.
[Link]. Metal offers high resistance to high temperature
(heat).
Electric Current
By definition, Electric Current is the flow or rate of flow
of electric force in a conductor. A current will only flow if
a circuit is formed comprising a complete loop and
contains all the following required components.
1. Source of voltage
2. A closed loop of wiring
3. An electric load
4. A means of opening and closing the circuit
Electric current is classified as:

1. Direct Current (DC) .

2. Alternating Current (A C)
Direct Current. The DC electricity flows in one direction.
The flow is said to be from negative to positive
The normal source of a DC electricity, is the dry cell or storage
battery.
Alternating· Current.

The AC electricity constantly reverses its direction of flow. it is

generated by machine Called Generator. This type of current is
universally accepted because of its unlimited number of applications
with the following advantages . . .

1. It is easily produce.
2. It is cheaper to maintain.
3. It could be transformed into higher voltage.
4. It could be distributed to far distance with low voltage
drop.
5. It is more efficient compared with the direct current.
The Ohms Law

In 1926, George Simon Ohm, a German scientist discovered

the relationship between the Current, Voltage and Resistance
now referred to as the Ohms Law which states that:

Where higher the voltage, the larger the current, and the
higher the resistance, the lower the current "
Name the following common electrical symbols
SWITCH
LAMP/BULB
FUSE
BATTERY/DC
CIRCUIT BREAKER
 Guide Questions.
1. What does the picture represent?
2. Can you tell uses of this illustration?
ELECTRICAL WIRING DIAGRAM
The flow of current in a conductor or wire can be represented
in a diagram.

There are two types of diagrams: pictorial diagram and

schematic diagram.
B. Schematic diagram is a sketch showing the components of the
circuit using standard electrical symbols. It shows the actual number of
components and how the wiring is routed but not the actual location.
Types of Circuit
1. Series Circuit is a circuit in which lamps are arranged in a chain, so that the current has only one
path to take. The current is the same through each load. An example of this is Christmas light/bulbs. It
consists of a number of bulbs that are connected side by side to meet the voltage requirement which
is 220 volts for alternating current.
Activity.
Directions: the class will be divided into four groups. Each
group will draw the schematic diagrams.
1. Two bulbs connected in series controlled by a single pole
switch using direct current
2. Four bulbs connected in parallel controlled by a single
pole switch using alternating Current.
3. Three bulbs connected in series controlled by a single
pole switch using direct current
4. five bulbs connected in parallel controlled by a single pole
switch using direct Current.
Assignment:
Illustrate a circuit of four lamps connected in
parallel where each lamp is controlled individual
switches.
Illustrate the following.
 [Link] bulbs connected in series controlled by a single pole
switch using direct current
 [Link] bulbs connected in parallel controlled by a single pole
switch using alternating current.
 [Link] bulbs connected in parallel controlled by a where each
bulb controlled by single pole switch using alternating current.
 [Link] bulbs connected in series controlled by a single pole
switch using direct current and protected by fuse.
 [Link] bulbs connected in parallel where each bulb controlled
by single pole switch, with two convenience outlet. And
protected by circuit breaker.
Activity:
II. Identify the following electrical symbols
I. Illustrate the following circuits.
1. Four lamps connected in parallel
where each lamp controlled by
individual switches with two
convenience outlet protected by
fuse.
2. Two lamps controlled by individual
switches and one lamp controlled
in two different location.
3. Three lamps controlled by a single
pole switch, and two lamps
controlled in two different location
with four convenience outlet
protected by circuit breaker.
Review exercises:
 __________1. It is the negatively charged particle of an Atom.
 ­__________2. A form of energy generated by friction, induction or chemical change, having magnetic,
Chemical and radiant effect.
 __________3. particle of an Atom which is not electrically charged ·and weighs slightly more than
the proton.
 __________4. the positively Charged particle of an Atom which is sometimes referred to as the
positive
Open Wiring on Insulators
Open Wiring on Insulators. An exposed wiring method using cleats,
knobs, tubes, and flexible tubing for the protection and support of
single insulated conductors run in or on buildings. This method is
allowed in system of up to 600V nominal, only for industrial or
agricultural establishment, indoor or outdoor in wet or dry locations,
where it is subject to corrosive vapors and for service purposes It
shall not be used however in the following
1. Commercial garages
2. Hoist ways
3. Theaters
4. Hazardous location
5. Motion picture studio
The open wiring on insulators PEC Provisions
Knob-and-tube wiring (sometimes abbreviated K&T) is an early
standardized method of electrical wiring in buildings. It
consisted of single-insulated copper conductors run within
wall or ceiling cavities, passing through joist and stud drill-
holes via protective porcelain insulating tubes, and supported
along their length on nailed-down porcelain knob insulators.
Where conductors entered a wiring device such as a lamp or
switch, or were pulled into a wall, they were protected by
flexible cloth insulating sleeving called loom.
Following are PEC requirements on the use of the exposed or open wiring
method:
A. Single Conductors. Only a single conductor should be used and not the
cable type. These must have sufficient strength, insulation and current for
which they are installed. Conductors should be the approved type for the
purposed they are intended .
B. Supports. Conductors should not be in contact with any object other than
their insulating support
1. Support for wiring on a flat surface should not be less than 137 cm. (4 1/2
ft.) apart
2. Conductors should not end at a lamp holder or receptacle unless the last
support is within 30 cm. or (12 inches)
3. Conductors should be supported within 15 cm. (6 inches) of a connection.
Allowable Uses
The use of knob and tube wiring is allowed only for extensions of existing
installations and elsewhere, only with special permission under the
following conditions:
A. in hollow spaces of walls and ceilings
B. in unfinished attics and roof spaces
Some advantages of the knob and tube wiring
1. it is used in temporary installation such as construction jobs
2. It has economical when properly Installed
3. It has a lower operating temperature because of ventilating hence the
higher current carrying capacity of the wire
Concealed wiring is properly named as concealed conduit
wiring. It is very laborious to install. The layout of this
wiring is done under the plaster of the wall of the building.
After, with the help of GI wires, the main PVC insulated
cables are drawn through the conduit
Nonmetallic-sheathed cable
Nonmetallic-sheathed cable is used more often in residential
wiring installations than in any other wiring method. The Philippine
Electrical Code permits this cable to be installed in a building made of
combustible material or wooden frame construction. It may
not be used in other types of building construction without permission
from the electrical inspection authorities.
Cable Construction
There are several basic types of non-metallic sheathed
cable.
A. Non-metallic cable for dry locations (NM) is used in
normal residential circuits.
Type NM cable shall be permitted as follows:
1. For both exposed and concealed work in normally dry
locations
2. To be installed in air voids in masonry block or tile walls
For concealed work, nonmetallic-sheathed cable should be
installed for it is protected from physical damage often
caused by nails or screws. For practical reasons, care should
be taken to avoid areas where trim, door and window
casings, baseboards, moldings, and so on, are likely to be
nailed.
B. Type Nonmetallic cable for wet locations (NMC) is used in farm
buildings or similar structures, where there is usually more moisture. NMS
cable can be buried directly in the earth, provided adequate protection is
given to the cable.
Type NMC cable shall be permitted as follows:
1. For both exposed and concealed work in dry, moist, damp, or corrosive
locations.
2. In outside and inside walls of masonry block or tile
3. In a shallow chase in masonry, concrete, or adobe protected against nails
or screws by a steel plate at least 1.59 mm (1/16 in.) thick and covered with
plaster, adobe, or similar finish Conductor support
Non metallic sheathed cable should be secure by staples, straps or similar
Fittings to design and installed as not to damage the cable. Cable shall be
secure in places at intervals not exceeding 1,300 mm and within 300 mm
from every cabinet, box or fitting.
Type NMC (corrosion-resistant) cable is required for installation in dairy
barns and similar farm buildings where cable will be exposed to fumes,
vapors, or liquids such as ammonia and barnyard acids. Under such
circumstances, ordinary types of nonmetallic sheathed cable have in
some cases, deteriorated rapidly due to ammonia fumes or the growth of
fungus or mold.
C. Type NMS.
Type NMS cable shall be permitted as Follows
1. For both exposed and concealed work in normally dry locations.
2. To be installed or fished in air voids in masonry block or tile walls.
Trade Names.
It was first produced by the Rome Wire and Cable Company, which
named its new product Romex.
This name is still often used in the trades. Unless otherwise specifically
permitted in the electrical code, the overcurrent protection for
conductor types should not exceed the following:
Copper Conductors
15 amps for #14 AWG,
20 amps for #12 AWG
30 amps for #10 AWG
Aluminum and Copper Clad Conductors
15 amps for #12 AWG
25 amps for #10 AWG
Advantages Of Concealed Electrical Wiring System
• It is the safest wiring system of all the ones mentioned above
• It is Aesthetically appealing
• There is no risk of fire or mechanical wear and tear
• There is no risk of damaged cable insulation
• It is safe from humidity, chemical affects and smoke
• There is No risk of shock
• Its most Reliable and popular wiring system
• Do not hamper interior layout as conduits are concealed in wall
• Renovations can be easily performed as old wires can be easily replaced
Disadvantages Of Concealed Electrical Wiring System
• Its expensive when compared to other surface conducting methods
• Its very hard to find any defects in the wiring
• Adding additional conduit in future is cumbersome (Needs wall chiseling and finishing)
• Changing of location of appliances or switches is difficult
• Installation is difficult as compared to other methods
• Complicated to add/manage additional connection in the future
 FOUR-WAY SWITCH

Four-way switches are used to control lighting from three or

more locations.
Four-way switches are used in combination with three-way
switches. When the switch is in the up position, the current can
flow through two terminals in the down position, the current
flows through the other two terminals.
Four-way switches are used to control a light from three or more
different locations. You must use switches labeled as four-way
switches rather than three-way or normal light switches.

Four-way switches can be quickly identified by the four screw

terminals (in addition to the green/and screw terminal).
Two of the terminals are brass and labeled "input", the other two
are black and labeled "output". It is very important to pay
attention to these in the Four-Way switch diagram.
When wiring a 4-way switch circuit, you will use
two Three-Way switches and one Four-Way switch.
If you wanted to add a fourth switch to the circuit
you would need another Four-Way switch wired in
the middle in the same way as the first Four-Way
switch.
4-Way Switch Wiring Using 4 or More Switches

4-way switches have four terminals each with two pairs of travelers
(one pair usually black and the other pair brass color). A three switch
configuration will have two 3-way switches, one on each end and one 4-
way switch in the middle.
In the diagrams below, switch 1 common terminal connects to line
voltage.
Switch 1 pair of traveler terminals connects to the top or bottom pair
of traveler terminals on switch 2.
The other pair of switch 2 travelers connect the to a pair of traveler
terminals on switch 3.
The other pair of switch 3 travelers connect the traveler terminals on
switch 4.
The switch 4 common terminal connects to the load (lights).
 Activity:
 Write the function of the following parts of multi-tester / VOM.
1. Scale
2. Test probe
3. Pointer
4. Zero adjusting screw
5. Range selector knob
6. Zero ohm adjusting knob
True or false
7. When the tester is not in used or will be stored, set the selector switch to 10000V or to OFF position.
8. In reading the amount of voltage, always start with the lowest range to avoid reading voltage higher than the
tester setting.
9. Always check the condition of its battery. Worn out batteries will not damage the internal setting of the
tester.
10. Be sure that the tester is set to the correct range setting: resistance range when measuring the ohm, voltage
range when measuring voltage and ammeter range when measuring the value of electric current.
Fire Detection and
Alarm System
Why are fire detection and alarm systems required?
• Detect fire in the areas.
• Notify building occupants to take evasive action to escape
the dangers of a hostile fire.
• Summon organized assistance to initiate or assist in fire
control activities.
• Initiate automatic fire control & suppression systems & to
sound alarm.
• Supervise fire control & suppression systems to assure
operational status is maintained initiate auxiliary functions
involving environmental, utility & process controls
Some Applicable bases of Fire Detection and Alarm System
1. Code of practice for selection, installation & maintenance of automatic fire alarm & detection system-IS-2189,BS-5839
PART1,ANSI-NFPA-72,FOC [Link] 72 provides the latest safety provisions to meet society's changing fire
detection, signaling, and emergency communications demands. In addition to the core focus on fire alarm systems, the
Code includes requirements for mass notification systems used for weather emergencies; terrorist events; biological,
chemical, and nuclear emergencies; and other threats.

2. Code of practice for fire safety of buildings - IS-1646. Code of Practice for Fire Safety of Buildings (General):
Electrical. Name of Standards Organization : Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Smoke detectors for use in automatic fire
alarm system-IS-11360, BS-5445 PART-7, ANSI-UL268

3. Presidential Decree No. 1185 August 26, 1977,Repealed by RA 9514,FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES,SECTION 1
This Act shall be known as the “Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008”.

4. Fire Code of the Philippines—the enactment of Republic Act No. 9514, amending Presidential Decree No. 1185,
otherwise known as the Fire Code of the Philippines

5. Philippine Electric Code is used nationally as the basis for safeguarding persons, buildings and its contents from
hazards that may arise from the use of electricity

6. Bureau of Fire Protection- Government agency that are task to manage, respond, check and monitor fire related
actions plan and actions in the community.
POWER SUPPLIES
Primary: Normal Building Power
Secondary: Batteries, uninterruptible power supply (UPS),
and generators
24-hour supply (2002 NFPA72) 5-minute alarm capacity
Batteries: BAT / BATT/ BATTS
Standard Types of battery
• Gel cell
• Lead Acid
• Sealed Lead Acid Normal Sizes
• 12V 7AH / 12V 10 AH / 12V 18 AH
• 12V / 33 AH AH / Ahrs / AHRS
SMOKE DETECTOR
• Photoelectric
• Ionization
DETECTOR PLACEMENT PROBLEMS
• Recess mounting
• Air velocity
• Mounting security
• Fluorescent lights
• Heating equipment
• Dust/Dirt/Insects
• Age/Sensitivity shifts
TYPES OF FIRE DETECTION
AND ALARM SYSTEM
1. CONVENTIONAL FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM
Some of the function of conventional FDAS
are, fire sensors and manual call points shall provide for
continuous surveillance in the area. Secondly, Main fire
alarm panel shall derive signals from the zone
indicating panels and audible and visual annunciation
shall be provided in the event of fire.
Also, Repeater panel shall be located in security
house / fire station to alert fire fighting / security
personnel. Lastly, Fire detectors shall be selected
depending on the type of fire expected in a particular
area.
2. Addressable Fire Detection & Alarm System
It is an automatic fire detection & alarm system
consists of fire detectors & manual call points positioned in
Zones/ loop through out a building area. These are wired to
control & indicating equipment which shows the location of
alarm call, & actuates audible alarm sounders.
National Fire Protection Alarm
(NFPA) SYSTEM CLASSIFICATIONS
Auxiliary Fire Alarm Systems –
A system connected to a municipal fire alarm system for
transmitting an alarm of fire to the public fire service communication center.
Fire alarms from an auxiliary fire alarm system are received at the public fire
service communication center on the same equipment and by the same
methods as alarms transmitted manually from municipal fire alarm boxes
located on streets.
Central Station Fire Alarm System –
A system or group of systems in which the operations
of circuits and devices are transmitted automatically to,
recorded in, maintained by, and supervised from a listed central
station that has component and experienced servers and
operators who, upon receipt of a signal, take such action as
required by this Code. Such service is to be controlled and
operated by a person, firm, orcorporation whose business is the
furnishing, maintaining, or monitoring of supervised fire alarm
system.
Municipal Fire Alarm System –
A system of alarm—initiating devices, receiving
equipment, and connecting circuits (other than a public
telephone network) used to transmit alarms from street
locations to the public fire service communications
center.
Proprietary Supervising Station Fire Alarm System –
An installation of fire alarm system contiguous and non
contiguous properties, under one ownership, from a proprietary
supervising station located at the protected property, or at one of
multiple non-contiguous protected properties at which trained,
competent personnel are in constant attendance. This included the
proprietary supervising station; power supplies; signal initiating
devices; initiating device circuits; signal notification appliances;
equipment for the automatic, permanent visual recording of such
signals; and equipment for initiating the operation emergency
building control services
Protected Premises (Local) Fire Alarm System—
A protected premises system that sounds an
alarm at the protected as the result of manual operation
a fire alarm box or the operation of protection
equipment or systems, such as water flowing in a
sprinkler system, the discharge of carbon dioxide, the
detection of smoke or the detection of heat
Public Fire Alarm Reporting System –
A system of fire alarm-initiating devices, receiving
equipment, and connecting circuits used to transmit alarms
from street locations to the communications center.
Remote Supervising Station Fire Alarm System –
A system installed in accordance with this Code to transmit
alarm supervisory, and trouble signals from one or more protected
premises to a remote location where appropriate action is taken.
Different Kinds of Signal in Fire Detection and Alarm System

Signals - A status indication communicated by electrical or other means.

Alarm Signal - A signal indicating an emergency that requires immediate
action, such as a signal indicative of fire.
Evacuation Signal - A distinctive signal intended to be recognized by the
occupants as requiring evacuation of the building.
Fire Alarm signal - A signal initiated by a fire alarm-initiating device such as
a manual fire alarm box, automatic fire detector, waterflow switch, or other
device in which activation is initiative of the presence of a fire or fire
signature.
Supervisory Signal - A signal indicating the need for action in connection
with the supervision of guard tours, the fire suppression system or
equipment, or the maintenance features of related systems.
Trouble Signal - A signal initiated by the fire alarm system or device
indicative of a fault in a monitored circuit or component.
Briefly discuss/explain the following illustrations.
PEDESTRIAN CROSSING
EMOTICON OR EMOJI
NO SMOKING SIGN
TRAFFIC LIGHTS
OMEGA or Ohm
 VARIABLE RESISTOR /
FIXED RESISTOR
POTENTIOMETER

Guide Questions.
1. What electrical/electronic components are in the
picture?
2. What do think are uses of these components?
3. Can you make a comparison of these components?
RESISTOR COLOR CODING
Resistor Color Coding
The resistors color coding is identifying the resistance value of a resistor.
How to read resistor color codes:
1. Identify the 1st and 2nd band colors:
 These represent the first and second digits of the resistance
value.
2. Identify the 3rd band color:
 This represents the multiplier.
 For example, if the 3rd band is red, the multiplier is 100 Ω.
3. Calculate the resistance value:
 Combine the first two digits, then multiply by
the multiplier.
 For example, if the first band is brown (1), the
second band is black (0), and the third band is
red (100 Ω), the resistance value is
10×100Ω=1000Ω=1kΩ.
4. Check the tolerance band
 The tolerance band tells you the range within which the
resistor's actual resistance value may vary.
 For example, if the tolerance band is gold (±5%), a resistor
with a value of 1000 Ω could have an actual value between
950 Ω and 1050 Ω.
 ±5%
2

4700 Ω ±5%
Let's take an example:

A resistor with the color bands: brown, black, red, gold.

Using the color code chart:

 Brown (1st band) = 1

 Black (2nd band) = 0
 Red (3rd band) = 100 Ω (multiplier)
 Gold (Tolerance) = ±5%
So, the resistance value is 10×100Ω=1000Ω=1kΩ with a
tolerance of ±5%.
Importance of Resistor Color Coding.
• Resistor color coding provides a quick and easy
way to determine the resistance value of a resistor
without the need for additional equipment.
• By simply looking at the color bands on a resistor,
engineers, technicians, and hobbyists can identify its
resistance value.
BOARD DRILL

BROWN RED ORANGE.

BLUE RED GREEN.
RED BROWN WHITE.
GRAY BLUE YELLOW.
GREEN VIOLET BLUE.
QUIZ
A. Write the numerical value of the following resistor color codes.

1. red brown blue gold

2. blue green red silver
3. white gray blue gold
4. yellow green red siver
5. brown black red gold
Assignment:

Compute the tolerance value of the

following.
1.980 Ώ ± 5%
2.8000 Ώ ± 10%
3.100 Ώ ± 5%
4.10k Ώ ± 5%
5.8k Ώ ± 0.25%