Workshop Technology 1
Lecture 02
Introduction
Hand tools are used to remove small amounts of material, usually from small
areas of the workpiece.
Reasons
The workpiece is too large to fix into machine
The workpiece has very complex shape ,so to produce a machine to
remove small number of materials from the workpiece would be
costly
The amount of material to be removed by hand is kept to an absolute
minimum and that the correct tool is chosen for the task.
Introduction
Powered hand tools are tools that are designed to be operated by hand but are
equipped with a power source to enhance their functionality.
Examples: Power Drills, Circular Saws, Jigsaws, Power Screwdrivers
Powered hand tools are also preferred because,
Of reduce in fatigue
Increase the speed of the operation
Reduce the cost.
Commonly used Workshop Hand Tools
Figure 01: Workshop hand tools
Engineer’s File
Files are used to perform a wide
variety of tasks, from simple
removal of sharp edges to producing
complex shapes where the use of a
machine is impracticable.
They can be obtained in a variety of
shapes and in lengths from 150 mm
to 350 mm.
Figure 02: Engineer files
Engineer’s File Contd.
When a file has a single series of
teeth cut across its face it is known
as single-cut file, and with two sets
of teeth cut across its face it is
known as double-cut file.
Rasp files have large and coarse
teeth. It’s commonly used for soft
materials like PVC and rubber
Figure 03: Different engineer files
Engineer’s File Contd.
The grade of cut of a file refers to
the spacing of the teeth and
determines the coarseness or
smoothness of the file.
Three standard grades of cut in
common use, from coarsest to
smoothest, are bastard, second cut
and smooth
Figure 04: Single and Double cut
engineer files
Engineer’s File Contd.
Bastard cut - used for rough filing to remove the most material in the shortest
time
Second cut - bring the work close to finished size
smooth cut - give a good finish to the surface while removing the smallest
amount of material.
File Identification
• Files are identified either by their general shape or by their cross section
General shape - hand, flat or pillar
cross-section – square, three-square, round, half-round or knife
Figure 05: Different cross sections in
Engineer Files
Usage of Different Types of Files
Table 01: Usage of engineer files
File Type Usage
Hand Files Used for general filing of metals such as steel. They
are rectangular in section and are the most common
type of file used in workshops.
Pillar files This file has the same section as a hand file but of a
thinner section. It is used for narrow slots and
keyways.
Usage of Different Types of Files
Table 02: Usage of engineer files continued
File Type Usage
Three Square Is triangular in section and very useful when filing
files ‘tight’ corners / angles. The sharp edges allow the
file to fit into corners when filing.
Round files Round files are machinist's files. They can be used
for creating semicircular grooves, finishing and
deburring concave surfaces
Filing Process
Filing is a two-handed operation, and the first stage is to grip the file
correctly.
The handle is gripped in the palm of the right hand with the thumb on top
and the palm of the left hand resting at the point of the file.
The second stage is to stand correctly at the vice. The left foot is placed
well forward to take the weight of the body on the forward stroke. The
right foot is placed well back to enable the body to be pushed forward.
Filing Process
The file cuts on the forward stroke and therefore the pressure is applied
by the left hand during the forward movement and is released coming
back.
Do not lift the file from the work on the back stroke, as the dragging
action helps clear the filings from the teeth and also prevents the ‘see-saw ’
action which results in a surface which is curved rather than flat.
Long steady strokes using full length of the file
Care of Files
Always clean the file on completion of the job
Don’t store files on top of each other , it will damage the file teethes
Use a file brush regularly to remove filings from the teethes to avoid scratches
in the workpiece
Never knock the file on its edge to get rid of filings in the teeth
Do not exert too much pressure when using a new file, and avoid using a new
file on rough surfaces of castings, welds or hard scale
“ THANK YOU.
15
