Ch-5
Exponential and logarithmic Function
● Composite Function
● One-to-one function & Inverse function
● Exponential function
● Logarithmic functions
● Properties of logarithmic functions
● Logarithmic and exponential equations
● Financial Models
● Exponential Growth and Decay Models
Composite Functions
The composition of functions is the process of combining two or more functions into a single
function.
(f ∘ g)(x) = f(g(x)) and is read as "f of g of x". Here, g is the inner function and f is the outer
function.
Note:
1-Domain of Composite function will be the intersection of the domain of inner
function & composite function while Range will the range of the composite
function.
2- f𝞸g ≠ g𝞸f in general
Inverse of a function
One -to-one function: A function is one-to-one if x1≠x2 , then f(x1)≠f(x2) in its domain.
Horizontal line test: If a function pases Horizontal line test ,then it will a one-to-one function.
Inverse of a function:The correspondence from Range of a function f back to Domain of f is called the
inverse function of f and will be denoted as f-1.
Finding inverse :
1. set ordered pair (exchange x & y coordinates)
2. a mapping (exchange domain and range set)
3. graph (draw a symmetric curve about the line y=x)
4. algebraic function
steps:(a) interchange x with y to get x=f(y)
(b)solve for y
(c)replace y with f-1(x)
Exponential Function & Logarithmic Function
Exponential Function is a function of the form Logarithmic Function: y=logax if and only if ay=x
f(x) = C ax , where a>0 , a≠1 and C is a real number.
a is called Growth Factor and C is called as Initial Properties:
Value.
1- Domain : x>0 Range : ℛ
Properties: 2- Only x- intercept at x=1
3- vertical asymptote x=0
1-Domain: ℛ Range: (0, ∞)
4- 0<a<1 : Graph is decreasing
2-only y-intercept ay 1. a>1 : graph is increasing
5-graph contains the points (1,0) ,(a,1),(1/a,-1)
3-asymptote y=0
4- a>1 : graph is increasing &
0<a<1 : graph is decreasing
5-graph contains the points(-1,1/a) ,(0,1) ,(1,a)
Properties of Logarithms
1) loga 1 = 0 & loga a = 1
2) a loga M = M
3) loga ar = r
4) logaMr =r logaM
5) ar = er ln a
6) loga(MN) = loga M + loga N
7) loga(M/N) = logaM - logaN
8) logaM = logbM /logba
Financial models
1- Simple Interest formula : Simple Interest I, on a principal of P with annual interest rate
of r ,after t years will be:
I=Prt
2- Compound Interest Formula : The amount after A after t years due to a principal P
invested at an annual interest rate r, compounded n times per year will be :
A = P(1 + ( r/n ) )nt
3-Continuous Compounding: The amount A after t years on principal P Invested at an annual
interest rate r compounded continuously is
A = Pert
4-Present value Formula: Compounded n times per year P=A(1+(r/n) )-nt
Compounded continuously P=Ae-rt
Inflation
Inflation is a term used to describe the erosion of the purchasing power of money.
If the rate of inflation averages r% per annum over n years, the amount A that $P will purchase after n
years is
A = P (1- r) n
Exponential growth and decay models
Exponential Function Many natural phenomena have been found to follow the the exponential law or the
law of un-inhibition growth (k>0) or decay (k<0)
A(t) = A0ekt ; Growth for k>0 & decay for k<0
Various Examples :
-Spread of any Virus
-Bacteria Growth
-Radioactive substance
-Circulation of Data on Internet
-Bacterial Growth
-Population decline
-Reselling Cost of a car
Newton's law of cooling:
The temperature u of a heated object at a given time t can be modeled by the
following function:
u(t) = T + (u0 - T)ekt k<0
Logistic Model :
In a logistic model, the population P after time t is given by the function:
P(t) = c /(1 + ae-bt)
