Interconnecting

Networks with
TCP/IP
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 8-1
 Objectives

Upon completion of this chapter you will

be able to perform the following tasks:
• Identify the IP protocol stack, its protocol layer
functions, and commonly used IP protocols
• Identify IP address classes, IP addresses, IP subnet
masks, IP network numbers, subnet numbers, and
possible host numbers.
• Configure IP addresses and subnet masks on a
router interface and optionally configure a host table.
• Interconnect the VLANs with a layer three device
such as a router on a stick.

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-3

 Introduction to TCP/IP
Host Host

Internet

TCP/IP

Early protocol suite

Universal

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-4

 TCP/IP Protocol Stack

7 Applicatio
n
6 Presentati 5
on Applicatio
5 Session
n
4
4 Transport Transport
3
3 Network Internet
2
2 Data Link Data Link
1
1 Physical Physical

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-5

 Application Layer
Overview
File
File Transfer
Transfer
-- TFTP
TFTP **
-- FTP
FTP **
-- NFS
NFS
E-Mail
E-Mail
Applicatio -- SMTP
SMTP
n
Remote
Remote LoginLogin
-- Telnet
Telnet **
-- rlogin
rlogin **
Transpor Network
Network Management
Management
t -- SNMP
SNMP **
Internet Name
Name Management
Management
-- DNS*
DNS*
Data
Link
*Used by the router
Physical

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-6

 Transport Layer Overview

Connection-
Transmission Control
Oriented
Application Protocol (TCP)

Transport User Datagram Connectionles

Protocol (UDP) s
Internet

Data Link

Physical

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-7

 TCP Segment Format
Bit 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31

Source port (16) Destination port (16)

Sequence number (32)

Acknowledgement number (32) 20

Bytes
Header
length (4)Reserved (6)
Code bits (6) Window (16)

Checksum (16) Urgent (16)

Options (0 or 32 if any)

Data (varies)

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-8

 Port Numbers

F T S D T S R
Application T E M N F N I
Layer P L T S T M P
N P P P
E
T

21 23 25 53 69 161 520 Port

Transport Numbers
Layer TCP UDP

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-9

 TCP Port Numbers

Source Dest.
…
Port Port

Telnet Z
Host A Host Z

SP DP Dest. port = 23.

1028 23 … Send packet to my
Telnet
application.

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-10

 TCP Three Way
Handshake/Open
Connection
Host A Host B

Send SYN
1 (seq=100 ctl=SYN)
SYN received

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-11

 TCP Three Way
Handshake/Open
Connection
Host A Host B

Send SYN
1 (seq=100 ctl=SYN)
SYN received

Send SYN, ACK 2

SYN received (seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,a

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-12

 TCP Three Way
Handshake/Open
Connection
Host A Host B

Send SYN
1 (seq=100 ctl=SYN)
SYN received

Send SYN, ACK 2

SYN received (seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,a
Established
3 (seq=101 ack=301 ctl=ack)

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-13

 TCP Simple
Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver

Window size = 1
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-14
 TCP Simple
Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1

Window size = 1
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-15
 TCP Simple
Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2

Window size = 1
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-16
 TCP Simple
Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2

Send 2
Receive 2

Window size = 1
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-17
 TCP Simple
Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2

Send 2
Receive 2
Send ACK 3
Receive ACK 3

Window size = 1
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-18
 TCP Simple
Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2

Send 2
Receive 2
Send ACK 3
Receive ACK 3
Send 3
Receive 3

Window size = 1
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-19
 TCP Simple
Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2

Send 2
Receive 2
Send ACK 3
Receive ACK 3
Send 3
Receive 3

Receive ACK 4 Send ACK 4

Window size = 1
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-20
 TCP Sequence and
Acknowledgment Numbers
Source Dest. Sequence Acknowledgement …
Port Port # #

I just
sent #10.

SourceDest. Seq. Ack.

1028 23 10 1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-21

 TCP Sequence and
Acknowledgment Numbers
Source Dest. Sequence Acknowledgement
…
Port Port # #

I just
sent #10.
I just got #10,
now I need #11.
SourceDest. Seq. Ack.

SourceDest. Seq. Ack.

1028 23 10
10 1

23 1028 1 11
11

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-22

 TCP Sequence and
Acknowledgment Numbers
Source Dest. Sequence Acknowledgement
…
Port Port # #

I just
sent #11.
I just got #10,
now I need #11.
SourceDest.
SourceDest. Seq.
Seq. Ack.
Ack.

SourceDest. Seq. Ack.

1028 23 10
10 1

23 1028 1 11
11

1028 23 11
11 2

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-23

 TCP Sequence and
Acknowledgment Numbers
Source Dest. Sequence Acknowledgement
…
Port Port # #

I just
sent #11.
I just got #11,
now I need #12.
SourceDest.
SourceDest. Seq.
Seq. Ack.
Ack.

SourceDest. Seq. Ack.

1028 23 10
10 1

23 1028 1 11
11

1028 23 11
11 2 SourceDest. Seq. Ack.

23 1028 2 12
12
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-24
 TCP Windowing

Sender Receiver

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-25

 TCP Windowing

Window size =
Sender 3 Receiver
Send 1
Window
3 size =
Send 2
Window
3 size =
Send 3

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-26

 TCP Windowing

Window size =
Sender 3 Receiver
Send 1
Window
3 size =
Send 2
Window
3 size =
Send 3 ACK 3 Packet 3 is
Window size = 2 Dropped

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-27

 TCP Windowing

Window size =
Sender 3 Receiver
Send 1
Window
3 size =
Send 2
Window
3 size =
Send 3 ACK 3 Packet 3 is
Window size = 2 Dropped
Window
3 size =
Send 3
Window
3 size =
Send 4

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-28

 TCP Windowing

Window size =
Sender 3 Receiver
Send 1
Window
3 size =
Send 2
Window
3 size =
Send 3 Packet 3 is
ACK 3
Window size = 2 Dropped
Window
3 size =
Send 3
Window
3 size =
Send 4
ACK 5
Window size = 2

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-29

 UDP Segment Format
Bit
1 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31

Source port (16) Destination port (16)

8
Bytes
Length (16) Checksum (16)

Data (if any)

No sequence or acknowledgment fields

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-30

 Internet Layer Overview

Internet Protocol (IP)

Application
Internet Control Message
Transport Protocol (ICMP)

Internet Address Resolution

Protocol (ARP)
Data Link
Reverse Address
Physical Resolution Protocol (RARP)

OSI network layer corresponds to the

TCP/IP internet layer
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-31
 IP Datagram
Bit
1 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31
Version Header Priority & Type
(4) Length (4) of Service (8) Total Length (16)
Flags
Identification (16) (3) Fragment offset (13)

Time to live (8) Protocol (8) Header checksum (16) 20

Bytes
Source IP Address (32)

Destination IP Address (32)

Options (0 or 32 if any)

Data (varies if any)

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-32

 Protocol Field

Transport
TCP UDP
Layer

6 17 Protocol
Numbers
Internet
Layer IP

Determines destination upper-layer

protocol
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-33
 Internet Control Message
Protocol

Applicati
on
Transport Destination
1 Unreachable
ICMP
Echo (Ping)
Internet
Other
Data Link

Physical

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-34

 Address Resolution
Protocol
I need the
Ethernet
address of
176.16.3.2.

172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2

IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-35

 Address Resolution
Protocol
I need the
I heard that
Ethernet
broadcast. The
address of
message is for me.
176.16.3.2.
Here is my Ethernet
address.
172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2

IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-36

 Address Resolution
Protocol
I need the
I heard that
Ethernet
broadcast. The
address of
message is for me.
176.16.3.2.
Here is my Ethernet
address.
172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2

IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???

IP: 172.16.3.2
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-37

 Address Resolution
Protocol
I need the
I heard that
Ethernet
broadcast. The
address of
message is for me.
176.16.3.2.
Here is my Ethernet
address.
172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2

IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???

IP: 172.16.3.2
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111

Map IP Ethernet
Local ARP
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-38
 Reverse ARP

What is
my IP
address?

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ???

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-39

 Reverse ARP

I heard
that
What is
broadcast.
my IP
Your IP
address?
address is
172.16.3.2
5.

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ???

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-40

 Reverse ARP

I heard
that
What is
broadcast.
my IP
Your IP
address?
address is
172.16.3.2
5.

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ???

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
IP: 172.16.3.25

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-41

 Reverse ARP

I heard
that
What is
broadcast.
my IP
Your IP
address?
address is
172.16.3.2
5.

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ???

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
IP: 172.16.3.25

Map Ethernet IP

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-42

 Introduction to TCP/IP
Addresses

172.18.0.1 172.16.0.1

172.18.0.2 172.16.0.2
HDR SADADATA
10.13.0.0 192.168.1.0
10.13.0.1 172.17.0.1 172.17.0.2 192.168.1.1

• Unique addressing allows communication

between end stations
• Path choice is based on location
Location is represented by an address

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-43

 IP Addressing
32 bits
Dotted
Decimal Network Host

Maximum 255 255 255 255

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-44

 IP Addressing
32 bits
Dotted
Decimal Network Host

Maximum 255 255 255 255

1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32

Binary 11111111111111111111111111111111

128

8
4
2
1
64
32
16
128

8
4
2
1
64
32
16
128

8
4
2
1
128

8
4
2
1

64
32
64
32

16
16

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-45

 IP Addressing
32 bits
Dotted
Decimal Network Host

Maximum 255 255 255 255

1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32

Binary 11111111111111111111111111111111

128

8
4
2
1
64
32
16
128

8
4
2
1
64
32
16
128

8
4
2
1
64
32

128

8
4
2
1
64
32
16

16

Example
Decimal 172 16 122 204
Example10101100000100000111101011001100
Binary
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-46
 IP Address Classes

8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

Class A: Network Host Host Host

Class B: Network Network Host Host

Class C: Network Network Network Host

Class D:
Multicast
Class E: Research
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-47
 IP Address Classes

Bits: 1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
0NNNNNNN Host Host Host
Class A:
Range (1-126)

Bits: 1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
10NNNNNN Network Host Host
Class B:
Range (128-191)
1 8 9 16 17 2425 32
Bits:
110NNNNN Network Network Host
Class C:
Range (192-223)
1 8 9 16 17 2425 32
Bits:
1110MMMMMulticast GroupMulticast GroupMulticast Group
Class D:
Range (224-239)
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-48
 Host Addresses

172.16.2.1 10.1.1.1
10.6.24.2
E1
172.16.3.10 E0 10.250.8.11
172.16.2.1

172.16.12.12 10.180.30.118

Routing Table
172.16 . 12 . 12 Network Interfac
e
Network Host 172.16.0. E0
0
E1
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10.0.0.0
www.cisco.co ICND—8-49
 Determining Available
Host Addresses
Network Host
172 16 0 0
N

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
9
16
15
14
13

10
12
11
101011000001000000000000
00000000 1
0000000000000001 2
0000000000000011 3
...

...
...
111111111111110165534
111111111111111065535
111111111111111165536
- 2
2N-2 = 216-2 = 6553465534
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-50
 IP Address Classes
Exercise

Address Class Network Host

10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.1
6
256.241.201.
10

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-51

 IP Address Classes
Exercise Answers

Address Class Network Host

10.2.1.1 A 10.0.0.0 0.2.1.1

128.63.2.100 B 128.63.0.0 0.0.2.100

201.222.5.64 C 201.222.5.0 0.0.0.64

192.6.141.2 C 192.6.141.0 0.0.0.2

130.113.64.16 B 130.113.0.0 0.0.64.16

256.241.201.1
Nonexistent
0

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-52

 Addressing without
Subnets

172.16.0.1172.16.0.2172.16.0.3 172.16.255.253
172.16.255.254

…...

172.16.0.0

Network 172.16.0.0
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-53
 Addressing with Subnets

172.16.3.0

172.16.4.0

172.16.1.0 172.16.2.0

Network 172.16.0.0
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-54
 Subnet Addressing

172.16.2.200 172.16.3.5
172.16.3.1
E1
172.16.2.2 E0 172.16.3.100
172.16.2.1

172.16.2.160 172.16.3.150

New Routing
172.16 . 2 . 160 Network Table Interfac
e
Network Host 172.16.0. E0
0
E1
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 172.16.0.
www.cisco.co ICND—8-55
 Subnet Addressing

172.16.2.200 172.16.3.5
172.16.3.1
E1
172.16.2.2 E0 172.16.3.100
172.16.2.1

172.16.2.160 172.16.3.150

New Routing
172.16 . 2 . 160 Network Table Interfac
e
Network Subnet Host 172.16.2. E0
0
E1
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 172.16.3.
www.cisco.co ICND—8-56
 Subnet Mask
Network Host

IP
Address
172 16 0 0
Network Host
Default
Subnet
Mask
255 255 0 0
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
Also written as “/16” where 16 represents the
number of 1s in the mask.
Network Subnet Host
8-bit
Subnet 255 255 255 0
Mask
Also written as “/24” where 24 represents the
number of 1s in the mask.
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-57
 Decimal Equivalents of Bit
Patterns
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 = 248
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 = 252
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 = 254
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-58

 Subnet Mask without
Subnets
Network Host

172.16.2.16010101100 00010000 00000010 10100000

255.255.0.0 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

Network 172 16 0 0
Number

Subnets not in use—the default

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-59

 Subnet Mask with Subnets

Network Subnet Host

172.16.2.16010101100 00010000 00000010 10100000

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
255.255.255.0

10101100 00010000 00000010 00000000

128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
Network
Number 172 16 2 0

Network number extended by eight bits

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-60
 Subnet Mask with Subnets
(cont.)
Network Subnet Host

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000

11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000
255.255.255.192

10101100 00010000 00000010 10000000

128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
Network
Number 172 16 2 128

Network number extended by ten bits

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-61
 Subnet Mask Exercise

Address Subnet Class Subnet

Mask
172.16.2.10 255.255.255.
0
10.6.24.20 255.255.240.
0
10.30.36.12 255.255.255.
0

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-62

 Subnet Mask Exercise
Answers

Address Subnet Mask Class Subnet

172.16.2.10 255.255.255.0 B 172.16.2.0

10.6.24.20 255.255.240.0 A 10.6.16.0

10.30.36.12 255.255.255.0 A 10.30.36.0

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-63

 Broadcast Addresses

172.16.3.0

172.16.4.0

172.16.1.0

172.16.3.255 172.16.2.0
(Directed broadcast)

255.255.255.255
(Local network broadcast)
X
172.16.255.255
(All subnets broadcast)
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-64
 Addressing Summary
Example
172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

255.255.255.192 Mask

Subnet 4

Broadcast

First

Last

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-65

 Addressing Summary
Example
172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

11111111 11111111 1111111111000000 Mask 2

255.255.255.192

Subnet

Broadcast

First

Last

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-66

 Addressing Summary
Example
172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

11111111 11111111 1111111111000000 Mask 2

255.255.255.192

Subnet

Broadcast

First

Last 7

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-67

 Addressing Summary
Example
172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

11111111 11111111 1111111111000000 Mask 2

255.255.255.192

10000000 Subnet 4

Broadcast

First

Last

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-68

 Addressing Summary
Example
172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

11111111 11111111 1111111111000000 Mask 2

255.255.255.192

10000000 Subnet 4

10111111 Broadcast
5
First 6

Last

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-69

 Addressing Summary
Example
172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

11111111 11111111 1111111111000000 Mask 2

255.255.255.192

10000000 Subnet 4

10111111 Broadcast
5
10000001 First 6

Last

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-70

 Addressing Summary
Example
172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

11111111 11111111 1111111111000000 Mask 2

255.255.255.192

10000000 Subnet 4

10111111 Broadcast
5
10000001 First 6

10111110 Last 7

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-71

 Addressing Summary
Example
172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

11111111 11111111 1111111111000000 Mask 2

255.255.255.192
8
10101100 00010000 0000001010000000 Subnet 4

10101100 00010000 0000001010111111 Broadcast

5
10101100 00010000 0000001010000001 First 6

10101100 00010000 0000001010111110 Last 7

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-72

 Addressing Summary
Example
172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

11111111 11111111 1111111111000000 Mask 2

255.255.255.192
9 8
172.16.2.128 10101100 00010000 0000001010000000 Subnet 4

172.16.2.191 10101100 00010000 0000001010111111 Broadcast

5
172.16.2.129 10101100 00010000 0000001010000001 First 6

172.16.2.190 10101100 00010000 0000001010111110 Last 7

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-73

 Class B Subnet Example
IP Host Address: 172.16.2.121
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Network Network Subnet Host

172.16.2.121: 10101100 00010000 00000010 01111001

255.255.255.0: 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Subnet: 10101100 00010000 00000010 00000000
Broadcast: 10101100 00010000 00000010 11111111

Subnet Address = 172.16.2.0

Host Addresses = 172.16.2.1–172.16.2.254
Broadcast Address = 172.16.2.255
Eight bits of subnetting
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-74
 Subnet Planning

20 subnets
5 hosts per subnet
Class C address:
192.168.5.0

192.168.5.16
Other
subnets

192.168.5.32 192.168.5.48

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-75

 Class C Subnet Planning
Example
IP Host Address: 192.168.5.121
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.248
Network Network Network SubnetHost

192.168.5.121: 11000000 10101000 00000101 01111001

255.255.255.248: 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000

Subnet: 11000000 10101000 00000101 01111000

Broadcast: 11000000 10101000 00000101 01111111

Subnet Address = 192.168.5.120

Host Addresses = 192.168.5.121–192.168.5.126
Broadcast Address = 192.168.5.127
Five Bits of Subnetting
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-76
 Broadcast Addresses
Exercise

Address Subnet Mask Class Subnet Broadcas

t
201.222.10.60 255.255.255.2
48
15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.2
52
153.50.6.27 255.255.255.1
28

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-77

 Broadcast Addresses
Exercise Answers

Subnet Broadcas
Address Class Subnet
Mask t
201.222.10.6 255.255.255.24 201.222.10.5 201.222.10.6
C
0 8 6 3
15.16.192. 15.16.199.25
15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0 A
0 5
128.16.32.1 255.255.255.2 128.16.32.1
B 128.16.32.12
3 52 5
153.50.6.2 255.255.255.1 153.50.6.
B 153.50.6.127
7 28 0

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-78

 Switch IP Address
Configuration

Switch(config)#ip address ip-address subnet-mask

• Assigns an address and subnet mask

• Starts IP processing on a switch

Switch(config)#ip default-gateway ip-address

• Specifies a default gateway

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-79

 Router IP Address
Configuration

Router(config-if)#ip address ip-address subnet-mask

• Assigns an address and subnet mask

• Starts IP processing on a router
interface

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-80

 Router IP Address
Configuration
Router#term ip netmask-format {bitcount|
decimal | hexadecimal}
• Sets display format of network mask for
current session

Router(config-line)#ip netmask-format
{bitcount | decimal | hexadecimal}

• Sets format of network mask for a

specific line
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-81
 Router IP Host Names

Router(config)#ip host name [tcp-port-number]

address [address]

• Defines static host name to IP address

mapping

ip host Norine 172.16.3.1 192.168.3.1

ip host Roger 172.16.4.3

• Hosts/interfaces selectable by name or IP

address

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-82

 Router Name Server
Configuration
DNS Server

Router(config)#ip name-server server-address1

[[server-address2]...[server-address6]]

• Specifies one or more hosts that supply

host name to logical address resolution

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-83

 Router Name System

Router(config)#ip domain-lookup
Router(config)#end
Router#pat
Translating ”pat"...domain server (255.255.255.255)
% Unknown command or computer name, or unable to find computer address
Router#config t
Router(config)#no ip domain-lookup
Router(config)#end
Router#pat
Translating ”pat"
% Unknown command or computer name, or unable to find computer address
Router#

DNS enabled by default

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-84
 Router Display Host
Names
Router#show hosts
Default domain is not set
Name/address lookup uses domain service
Name servers are 255.255.255.255

Host Flags Age Type Address(es)

Norine (perm, OK) 0 IP 172.16.100.100
Roger (perm, OK) 0 IP 172.16.100.101
Frank (perm, OK) 0 IP 172.16.200.200
Bob (perm, OK) 0 IP 172.16.200.201

Shows the host table

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-85

 VLAN to VLAN Overview
Fast
E0/0 Router on
ISL a stick

VLAN 1 VLAN 2

Applicati
on
TCP
IP
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
ISL
Ethernet

etwork layer devices combine multiple broadcast domai

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-86

 Dividing a Physical
Interface into
Subinterfaces
FastEthernet 0/0
FastEthernet 0/0.1
FastEthernet 0/0.2
FastEthernet 0/0.3

Physical interfaces can be divided into

multiple subinterfaces

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-87

 ISL Encapsulation

Router(config-subif)#encapsulation isl domain

Enables ISL on a subinterface

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-88

 Routing Between VLANs
Fast
E0/0
ISL

VLAN 1 VLAN 2

interface fastethernet 0/0

no ip address
!
interface fastethernet 0/0.1
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
encapsulation isl 1
interface fastethernet 0/0.2
ip address 10.2.2.1 255.255.255.0
encapsulation isl 2

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-89

 Routing Between WANS

ISL S0

172.16.1.1
172.16.1.2
VLAN 1 VLAN 2

10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 Applicati

on
TCP
interface Serial0 IP
ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 HDLC
Serial

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-90

 Visual Objective
SUBNET VLAN POD
10.1.1.0 1 wg_ro_x, wg_sw_x, core_sw_a, core_sw_b
10.2.2.0 2 wg_pc_a, core_server, core_ro VLAN2 wg_pc_a
10.3.3.0 3 wg_pc_b, core_server, core_ro 10.2.2.12
10.4.4.0 4 wg_pc_c, core_server, core_ro
10.5.5.0 5 wg_pc_d, core_server, core_ro fa0/26 fa0/27
10.6.6.0 6 wg_pc_e, core_server, core_ro e0/1
(port A) (port B)
10.7.7.0 7 wg_pc_f, core_server, core_ro
10.8.8.0 8 wg_pc_g, core_server, core_ro wg_sw_a
10.9.9.0 9 wg_pc_h, core_server, core_ro 10.1.1.10
10.10.10.0 10 wg_pc_i, core_server, core_ro
10.11.11.0 11 wg_pc_j, core_server, core_ro wg_pc_l
10.12.12.0 12 wg_pc_k, core_server, core_ro VLAN13 10.13.13.12
10.13.13.0 13 wg_pc_l, core_server, core_ro
fa0/26 e0/1 fa0/27
(port A) (port B)
wg_sw_l
fa0/0 10.1.1.120
Core_ro

fa0/23 ...
fa0/1 fa0/12 fa0/12 fa0/1
fa0/24 fa0/13 fa0/13

core_ server core_sw_a fa0/14 fa0/14 core_sw_b

10.1.1.2 10.1.1.4
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-91
 Summary

After completing this chapter, you should

be able to perform the following tasks:
• Identify the TCP/IP protocol stack and the
functions of each layer
• Separate an IP address into its subcomponents:
the network, subnet, and host portions
• Configure IP addresses on Cisco router and
switch interfaces
• Interconnect VLANs using a layer three device
such as a “router on a stick”

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-92

 Review Questions

1. What is the difference between the

TCP and UDP transport layer protocols?
2. Given a host with IP address,
192.168.20.1 255.255.255.240, how
many other hosts can you have in that
network?
3. What is required to interconnect
separate VLANs?

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.co ICND—8-93