‫‪Artificial Intelligence‬‬

‫‪Part 1‬‬
‫‪Introduction‬‬

‫ا‪.‬د‪ /‬احمد سلطان الهجامي‬

‫استاذ الذكاء االصطناعي ونظم المعلومات الذكية‬
‫جامعة صنعاء‬
‫‪Prof. Ahmed Sultan l-Hegami‬‬
 Today

 What is artificial intelligence?

 Can machine thinks?
 Why we need artificial intelligence?
 Goals of AI?
 The foundation of AI
 What is AI composed of?
 History of AI
AI  Applications of AI. 2 Prof. Ahmed Sultan Al-Hegami
 Knowledge

AI Prof. Ahmed Sultan Al-Hegami 3

 What is AI?
 Artificial : man made.
 Intelligence: thinking power/ ability to reason, learn , conclude
and solve problems
 So Artificial intelligence is a machine made by human which has a
thinking power.(thinking rationality which is doing the right thing)
 AI is a branch of computer science by which we can create
intelligence machine which can behave like a human , think like
human and able to make decisions.

AI Prof. Ahmed Sultan Al-Hegami 4

 So can machine think?
 In order to make the machine able to think we need to apply the
following capabilities:
 Natural language processing(NLP)
To communicate successfully in human language
 Knowledge representation
To store what it knows or hear
 Automated reasoning
To answer questions and draw new conclusions

AI Prof. Ahmed Sultan Al-Hegami 5

 So can machine thinks?
 Machine learning
 To adapt to new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate patterns
 Computer vision and speech recognition
To perceive the world
 Robotics
 To manipulate objects and move about.

AI Prof. Ahmed Sultan Al-Hegami 6

 What is AI?
The science of making machines that:

Think like people Think rationally

Act like people Act rationally

AI Prof. Ahmed Sultan Al-Hegami 7

 Maximize Your
Expected Utility

AI 8 Prof. Ahmed Sultan Al-Hegami

 Why we need AI?
1) Create such software and device which can solve real-world
problems very easily and with accuracy such as health, marketing
issues …etc.
2) Create your personal virtual assistant such as Siri (The most
private digital assistant. ... Siri keeps your information private and
secure )…etc.
3) Build such robots which can work in an environments where
survival of human can be at risk.
4) Open a path for new technologies , devices and job opportunities
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Prof. Ahmed Sultan Al-Hegami
 Goals of AI
1) replication human intelligence.
2) Store knowledge – intensive tasks
3) An intelligence connection , perception and actions.
4) Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires
human intelligence such as driving car.
5) Creating some systems which can inhibit intelligent behavior
learn new things by itself demonstrate , explain and provide
advise to its users.

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 The foundations of AI
 Philosophy :
 Can formal rules be used to draw valid conclusions?
 How does the mind arise from a physical brain?
 Where does knowledge come from?
 How does knowledge lead to action?
 Mathematics:
 What are the formal rules to draw valid conclusions?
 What can be computed?
 How do we reason with uncertain information?
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 The foundations of AI
 Economics:
 How should we make decisions so as to maximize payoff?
 How should we do this when others may not go along?
 How should we do this when the payoff may be far in the future?
 Neuroscience:
 How do brains process information?
 Psychology:
 How do humans and animals think and act?

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 The foundations of AI
 Computer engineering :
 How can we build an efficient computer?
 Control theory and cybernetics:
 How can artifacts operate under their own control?
 Linguistics:
 How does language relate to thought?

AI Prof. Ahmed Sultan Al-Hegami 13

 What is AI composted of?
Compose of speech ,verbal and
Set of process enable us to judge written language for
and make decisions or prediction communication

Reasoning Linguistic
intelligence

Problem
Learning
Perception Solving

Process of gaining knowledge Process of acquiring Process of working through details

interpretation , selecting and of problem to reach solution which
organizing by sensors includes also decision making
AI
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Prof. Ahmed Sultan Al-Hegami
 A (Short) History of AI
 1940-1950: Early days
 1943: McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
 1950: Turing's “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”
 1950—70: Excitement: Look, Ma, no hands!
 1950s: Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers program,
Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist, Gelernter's Geometry Engine
 1956: Dartmouth meeting: “Artificial Intelligence” adopted
 1965: Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning
 1970—90: Knowledge-based approaches
 1969—79: Early development of knowledge-based systems
 1980—88: Expert systems industry booms
 1988—93: Expert systems industry busts: “AI Winter”
 1990—: Statistical approaches
 Resurgence of probability, focus on uncertainty
 General increase in technical depth
 Agents and learning systems… “AI Spring”?

 2000—: Where are we now?

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 Important concepts
 Algorithm : Is a step-wised procedure for solving a specific
problem in a finite number of steps.
 Heuristic: Is an educated guess which serves as a guide for
subsequent exploration.
 Ex: when baby learns how to walk , first it is a guess which
muscles to move then when he/she master it , it becomes an
algorithm.
 AI you don’t need to program machine to do some work.
 You have to create a machine with programmed algorithm which
AI can work with own intelligence.
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 Applications of AI
 AI gaming
 AI in NLP(Natural language Processing)
 AI in health care
 AI in finance
 AI in data security
 AI in e-commerce
 Speech recognition
 Machine translation
AI Logistics and planning Prof. Ahmed Sultan Al-Hegami
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 Natural Language
 Speech technologies (e.g. Siri)
 Automatic speech recognition (ASR)
 Text-to-speech synthesis (TTS)
 Dialog systems

 Language processing technologies

 Question answering
 Machine translation

 Web search
 Text classification, spam filtering, etc…
AI Prof. Ahmed Sultan Al-Hegami
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 Vision (Perception)
 Object and face recognition
 Scene segmentation
 Image classification

Prof. Ahmed Sultan Al-Hegami

AI Images from Erik Sudderth (left), wikipedia (right)
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 Robotics
 Robotics
 Part mech. eng.
 Part AI
 Reality much
harder than
simulations!

 Technologies
 Vehicles
 Rescue
 Soccer!
 Lots of automation…

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Images from UC Berkeley, Boston Dynamics, RoboCup, Google
 What Can AI Do?
Quiz: Which of the following can be done at present?

 Play a decent game of table tennis?

 Drive safely along a curving mountain road?
 Buy a week's worth of groceries on the web?
 Discover and prove a new mathematical theorem?
 Converse successfully with another person for an hour?
 Perform a surgical operation?
 Put away the dishes and fold the laundry?
 Translate spoken Chinese into spoken English in real time?
 Write an intentionally funny story?

AI Prof. Ahmed Sultan Al-Hegami

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 AI and Conventional Programs

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 Problem Representation in AI

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 State Space Representation cont.

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 Components of AI

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 Discussion

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