Title PERFORMANCE STUDIES ON RECYCLED AGGREGATE

BASED SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE(SCC)

Name Matina Bajracharya
School School of Civil Engineering
Supervisor Dr. Kannam Praveen
SRN R22TE013
CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Research Gaps
4. Objectives
5. Parameters
6. Methodologies
Reference
INTRODUCTION

• In current situation disposal of the construction and demolition waste has become
the main problem.

• The amount of C&D waste is increasing every year. Among all the C&D wastes,
concrete waste occupies a significant portion.

• Disposal is costly requiring large space in landfills.

• It is highly demanding to find a way to reuse them so that this huge amount of waste
can be turned into alternate resource for construction industry.

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• A typical construction and demolition waste aggregate is said to have 65-70% of
major coarse as well as fine aggregates, with 30-35% of cement paste.

• Every year 15 billion tons of concrete are produced throughout the world which
means 2 tons of concrete per inhabitant per year .

• To fulfil this huge demand, the sources of good quality natural aggregates are
considerably declining all over the world. Each year ten to eleven billion tons of
aggregate are being used all over the world..

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 Source: Prof.S.K. Bhattacharya,et. Al Demolition Wastes as raw materials for sustainable
Construction products, CSIR-CBRI Newsletter, Vol-33 No-2 April –June 2013

Fig: 1 Article first published in Down To

Earth's print edition dated June 16-03, Fig: 2 composition of C&D waste in India
2019

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 Source: Implementing construction waste management in India: An
Source : Survey by Blue Wave Consulting extended theory of planned behaviour approach, Elsevier,2022

Fig 3: Global Construction and Demolition Fig 4: C&D Waste generation in various Indian cities
Waste Market Size (tones per day)

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

[Link] AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE SUMMARY

s
 Their research work was on the use of concrete demolition waste
(CDW) to achieve long sustainability, as coarse aggregate in the
Performance of Concrete made with production of Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC).
Natural Aggregate and Multi-cycle  Construction and demolition waste as recycled aggregate is used
Madhu K A , Recycled Concrete Aggregate, IOP to produce M-25 grade concrete,.
01 Manoj V , Conference Series: Materials Science  The effect of substituting 25%, 50%, and 100% NCA with three
[Link] H N , and Engineering,2022 cycles of RCA on the mechanical characteristics of hardened
concrete was studied and compared.
 The results of this study show that the performance of concretes
with 0% and 25% replacement of NCA by RCA was nearly
identical to that of concrete without replacement, but the strength
of concrete was reduced with 50% and 75% replacement.

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[Link] AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE SUMMARY
 Here they have replaced Natural aggregate with recycled aggregate
(RA) from construction and demolition waste C&DW and other
wastes can mitigate environmental problems.
Markssuel Marvila ,  The use of RA for concrete production have drawn the main
Paulo de Matos , Recycled Aggregate: A Viable challenges and outlook. RA reduces concrete’s fresh and hardened
02 Erich Rodríguez , Solution for Sustainable Concrete performance compared to NA, but these reductions are often
Sergio Neves Monteiro and Production,MDPI,2022 negligible when the replacement levels are kept up to 30%.
Afonso R. G. de Azevedo ,  They have point out efficient strategies to mitigate the performance
reductions. Efforts must be spent on improving the efficiency of RA
processing and the international standardization of RA

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[Link] AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE SUMMARY
 Here they have discussed the generation and recycling of
construction and demolition waste (CDW) as well as its main
uses as raw materials for the construction engineering sector.
Glaydson Simões dos Reis , Current Applications of Recycled  In this review they have paid attention to the use of CDW
Marco Quattrone , Aggregates from Construction and aggregates for sand, pavements/roads, bricks, ceramics,
03 Weslei Monteiro Ambrós , Demolition: A Review , Elsevier, cementitious materials, and concrete productions, as well its uses
Bogdan Grigore Cazacliu MDPI,2021 as eco-friendly materials for water decontamination.
and Carlos Hoffmann  The physical-chemical and mechanical characteristics of recycled
Sampaio aggregates play an important role in their correctly chosen
applications.
 The results found in this literature survey concluded that the use
of CDWs as raw materials for manufacturing new construction
materials is technically feasible, economical, and constitutes an
environmentally friendly approach for a future construction and
demolition waste management strategy.

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[Link] AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE SUMMARY
 Here the research investigates the effect of replacing natural
coarse aggregates with recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) on
the performance of normal-strength (30 MPa) concrete. To
The use of Steel Fibers to Enhance promote 100% replacement, steel fibers were incorporated at 0-
Nancy Kachouh , the Performance of Concrete made 2%, by volume .
04 Hilal El-Hassan , with Recycled Aggregate , Fifth  Physical, rheological, and mechanical properties were evaluated
and Tamer El Maaddawy International Conference on through experimental testing, including slump, density,
Sustainable Construction Materials compressive strength, and flexural strength. Results of plain
and Technologies, concrete showed that an increase in RCA replacement led to a
decrease in density and slump.
 The addition of steel fibres increased the density but decreased
the slump.
 Compared to the control sample, the compressive and flexural
strengths decreased by 18 and 51% with 100% RCA
replacement.
 The incorporation of 2% steel fibers could restore the former by
90% and nearly doubled the latter.
 The findings have provided the evidence on the feasibility of
producing steel fiber-reinforced normal-strength concrete with
100% RCA that is suitable for structural applications.

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[Link] AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE SUMMARY
 They have investigated on the influence of aggregate properties,
degree of hydration , and micro and meso level characteristics of
concrete on its compressive strength.
 Here the influence of different mix design methods (conventional and
Multi-scale characterisation of Particle Packing Method) and mixing approaches (normal mixing
05 SubhasisPradhan recycled aggregate concrete and approach and two stage mixing approach) on , and micro and meso
ShailendraKumar prediction of its level properties of concrete are analysed.
Sudhirkumar [Link] performance,Elsevier,2020  In addition to the crushing value and water absorption of coarse
aggregate, thermogravimetric analysis , nanoindentation and image
analysis of back-scattered electrons images and X-ray
microtomography images are performed to measure , interfacial
transition zone (ITZ) thickness, voids content in the ITZ and interface
of concrete, respectively.
 But none of these parameters were singled out to demonstrate its major
or significant contribution to the compressive strength of concrete.
 An expression was proposed by accounting each of these parameters
and also the cement content and coarse aggregate fraction to predict
the compressive strength of concrete, which exhibits good correlation
with the experimental results.

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[Link] AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE SUMMARY
 Here they have discussed the suitability of producing concrete with
100 % recycled aggregate to meet durability and strength
requirements for different applications.
 In general, Aggregate strength, gradation, absorption, specific
Sherif Yehia, Strength and Durability Evaluation gravity, shape and texture are some of the physical and mechanical
06 Kareem Helal, of Recycled Aggregate Concrete, characteristics that contribute to the strength and durability of
Anaam Abusharkh, International Journal of Concrete concrete.,
Amani Zaher, and Structures and Materials,2015  And the quality of recycled aggregate depends on the loading and
Hiba Istaitiyeh exposure conditions of the demolished structures.
 Here the experimental program was focused on the evaluation of
physical and mechanical properties of the recycled aggregate over a
period of 6 months.
 In addition, concrete properties produced with fine and coarse
recycled aggregate were evaluated. Several concrete mixes were
prepared with 100 % recycled aggregates and the results were
compared to that of a control mix.
 Scanning electron microscope test (SEM) was conducted to examine
the microstructure of selected mixes and the results shows that
concrete with acceptable strength and durability could be produced
if high packing density is achieved.

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[Link] AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE SUMMARY
 As we know the Researches have shown that recycled aggregate
(RA) has a certain degree of influence on the mechanical properties
and durability of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) owing to its
high-water absorption, high porosity, and large number
Methods for improving the of microcracks.
YuanxunZheng durability of recycled aggregate  Here improving the mechanical properties and durability of RAC
07 YahuiZhang concrete: A review,Elsevier,2021 is a key issue of concern for scholars by strengthening methods
PengZhang  The results indicate that the adherent mortar of RCA can be
enhanced by carbonation, and weak acid treatment can effectively
remove the old adhesion of RCA, which is economical and
environmentally friendly.
 The denseness of RAC can be improved by adding cementitious
materials with volcanic ash effect, and the reduction of microcracks
in mortar can be improved by adding fibers.
 The load-bearing capacity and mechanical properties of RAC are
significantly improved by the spiral constraint of materials such
as fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) and so on.
 The optimization of the production process not only improves the
quality of RAC, but also enhances the production efficiency.
The microstructure analysis of RAC was also summarized in this
paper.

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[Link] AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE SUMMARY
 As we know Recycled aggregate (RA) obtained from
demolished concrete waste (CW) is beneficial owing to its
applicability in recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). However,
Risk evaluation for recycled in designing RAC mix proportions, various impurities in the
aggregate according to deleterious RA that can adversely affect the properties of the concrete,
TakafumiNoguchi, impurity content considering should be considered.
08 Won-JunPark, deconstruction scenarios and  Here is the study made to improve the stable production and
RyomaKitagaki, production methods,Elsevier,2015 use of RAC, the amounts of deleterious impurities present and
their effects on the concrete mix should be estimated.
 The risk associated with the presence of impurities in RA was
defined as including the amount of impurity residue in the RA
and the effects of impurities on RAC properties Both impurity
types and RA production methods were considered in
assessing risk for five building demolition scenarios.
 To quantify the risk, the amount of demolished building waste
was estimated, the amount of CW was predicted, the RA ratio
was calculated from the predicted amount of CW, and
impurity sorting levels were investigated for methods of RA
production.
 The impurity residue ratio per unit RA was estimated for each
demolition scenario, RA production method, and RA quality
level considered.
 A risk model is proposed in this paper that can be used to
estimate the risk of RA adversely affecting RAC performance
using information on the demolition scenario and the RA
production method.

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[Link] AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE SUMMARY
 As we know Construction industry in India generate around 10-
20 million tones of waste annually.
 In this paper they have made a study related to the recycling
and reuse of waste concrete aggregate is presented and
conventional coarse recycled aggregate is being replaced with
[Link] , Performance Evaluation Of recycled aggregate.
09 [Link], Recycled Aggregate Used In  They carried out investigation using workability test,
[Link] Concrete,IJERA,2012 compressive test, split tensile test and bulk density, water
absorption, impact value test, crushing value test, Fineness
modulus.
 They have made total of sixth batches of concrete mixes,
consists of every 20% increment of recycled aggregate
replacement from 0% to 100%.
 The 100% recycled aggregate mix batches included, different
water/cement ratio of 0.5,0.6 and 0.7.
 The workability of concrete considerably reduced as the
amount of recycled aggregate increased.
 For the strength of characteristics, the results showed that a
gradually increasing in the compressive strength up to 20% of
recycled aggregate and as well as for the tensile strength as the
percentage of recycled aggregate.

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[Link] AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE SUMMARY
 Here they have combined the recycled aggregate (RA) and
waste rubber particles (RPs) to prepare rubber-modified
WanhuiFeng Prediction of thermo-mechanical recycled aggregate concrete (RRAC) which is effectively
YufeiWang properties of rubber-modified recycled contributing to low-carbon sustainability.
JunboSun aggregate concrete,Elsevier,2022  Here they have focused on the uniaxial compressive
YunchaoTang strength (UCS) and corresponding peak strain of RRAC
10 DongxiaoWu with versatile design mixtures (i.e. varying contents of RA
ZhiweiJiang and RPs) after exposure to different temperatures ranging
JianqunWang from 25 °C (room temperature) to 600 °C.
XiangyuWang  They found that test results exhibit the negative
relationship between UCS and RA replacement ratio, RPs
content, and temperature. But RPs positively affected both
the loss of UCS and peak strain when RRAC was exposed
to high temperatures.
 They have developed four machine learning (ML) models
were developed based on a relatively comprehensive dataset
including 120 groups of experimental results. The beetle
antennae search (BAS) algorithm was applied.
 The high correlation coefficients (0.9721 for UCS and
0.9441 for peak strain) were determined in modelling using
back propagation neural network (BPNN), .BPNN
possessed optimal prediction performance since the lower
root mean square error (RMSE) and higher correlation
coefficient were obtained compared to the other three ML
models (random forest, logistic regression, and multiple
linear regression).

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[Link] AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE SUMMARY
 Here the recycled aggregates, such as the ones used in making
the sub-base and base layers of roads and the ones used as
replacement of natural aggregates in concrete production.
RECYCLED CONCRETE  The results of compression strength and workability, show
Jorge Manuel Caliço Lopes de PRODUCTION : Multiple recycling that concrete produced after multiple recycling of aggregates
Brito , of concrete coarse aggregates, n, has approximately the same characteristics as the one
11 Ana Paula Gonçalves and Instituto Superior Técnico, obtained after only one cycle.
José Roberto dos Santos, Technical University of Lisbon,
Portugal,2006

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[Link] AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE SUMMARY
 In this paper they have primarily focused on the possibility of
using RA in High Performance Concrete (HPC).
 They have reported the mechanical and physical properties of
Khaled [Link] The Utilization of Recycled HPC prepared using RA. The study summarizes the results of
Mohamed [Link] Aggregate in High Performance workability, water absorption, dry density, compressive
MurrayReid Concrete: A Review, strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength of HPC
12 Mohammed [Link]-Kuwari Elsevier, 2020 prepared with RA as reported in previous works.
 They have also addressed the microstructure and durability
performance of this concrete.
 Using RA in concrete production is an environmentally
friendly solution to the continuous depletion of natural
aggregates and it can improve the cement matrix mechanical
properties.
 Due to the porosity of RA, they have lower unit weigh than
natural aggregates and RA can significantly decrease the
workability of concrete.
 They have reported that using RA increases compressive
strength of HPC. Both splitting and flexural strengths are
increased with RA, and they are decreased when the ratios of
replacement are increased.

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RESEARCH GAP

 Lack of research for standard grade concrete and for special concrete
 Comprehensive studies comparing the mechanical properties, durability, and long-
term performance of recycled aggregates with traditional aggregates are limited
 Lack of optimization of the replacement of aggregates.

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OBJECTIVES

1. To determine optimum percentage of the Recycled aggregate in self- compacting

concrete for different grades of concretes (M30 & M40) based on fresh and hardened
properties.
2. To determine the durability characteristics of Recycled Aggregate based SCC for
optimized mixes.
3. To study the Microstructural characteristics (SEM, XRD, Petrographic Analysis) of
Recycled Aggregate based SCC.

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PARAMETERS

1. Type of Aggregate – Normal Aggregate and Recycled Aggregate

2. Percentage of aggregate replaced – 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%
3. Type of Cement – OPC 53
4. Type of Admixture – Polycarboxylate Ether (PCE), Fly ash
5. Type of concrete – Self Compacting Concrete
6. Grade of Concrete – M-30 and M-40

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METHODOLOGY

Selecting
aggregates and
performing the
tests on
aggregates

Mix design for Performing

Performing tests Preparing durability tests
SCC of grade
on the fresh moulds and
M-30 and M-40
concrete microscopic
analysis

Results and Comparison of

conclusion all the results

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REFERENCE
1. Gao, D. & Zhang, L. (2018). "Flexural performance and evaluation method of steel fiber reinforced recycled coarse aggregate
concrete." Construction and Building Materials, 159, 126-136.

2. Abbas, A., Fathifazl, G., Isgor, O. B., Razaqpur, A. G., Fournier, B., & Foo, S. (2009). Durability of recycled aggregate concrete
designed with equivalent mortar volume method. Cement & Concrete Composites, 31(8), 555–563.

3. Menegaki, M.; Damigos, D. A review on current situation and challenges of construction and demolition waste management. Curr.
Opin. Green Sustain. Chem. 2018, 13, 8–15

4. Waqas, R.M.; Butt, F.; Danish, A.; Alqurashi, M.; Mosaberpanah, M.A.; Masood, B.; Hussein, E.E. Influence of Bentonite on
Mechanical and Durability Properties of High-Calcium Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete with Natural and Recycled Aggregates.
Materials 2021, 14, 7790.

5. Coelho, A.; de Brito, J. Influence of construction and demolition waste management on the environmental impact of buildings.
Waste Manag. 2012, 32, 532–541.

6. Colangelo, F.; Navarro, T.G.; Farina, I.; Petrillo, A. Comparative LCA of concrete with recycled aggregates: A circular economy
mindset in Europe. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2020, 25, 1790–1804.

7. Malešev, M., Radonjanin, V. & Marinković, S. (2010). "Recycled concrete as aggregate for structural concrete production."
Sustainability, 2, 1204.

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THANK YOU