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Lecture - 02
Basic concepts and system buses
Computer Architecture
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Computer Organization
• Attributes of a system visible • Instruction set, number of
to the programmer bits used to represent various
• Have a direct impact on the data types, I/O mechanisms,
logical execution of a techniques for addressing
program memory
Architectural
Computer
attributes
Architecture
include:
Organizational
Computer
attributes
Organization
include:
• Hardware details transparent • The operational units and
to the programmer, control their interconnections that
signals, interfaces between realize the architectural
the computer and specifications
peripherals, memory
technology used
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Structure and Function
Hierarchical system
Structure
Set of interrelated subsystems
The way in which components
Hierarchical nature of complex relate to each other
systems is essential to both their
Function
design and their description
The operation of individual
Designer need only deal with a components as part of the
particular level of the system at a structure
time
Concerned with structure and
function at each level
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Function
A computer can perform four
basic functions:
● Data processing
● Data storage
● Data movement
● Control
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Operations
(a)
Data movement
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Operations
(b)
Data storage
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Operations
(c)
Data processing
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Operations
(d)
Control
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The
Computer
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Structure
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CPU – controls the operation of
the computer and performs its data
There are four processing functions
main structural
components Main Memory – stores data
of the computer: I/O – moves data between the
computer and its external
environment
System Interconnection – some
mechanism that provides for
communication among CPU, main
memory, and I/O
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CPU Controls the operation of the CPU and
hence the computer
Major structural
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
components: Performs the computer’s data processing
function
Registers
Provide storage internal to the CPU
CPU Interconnection
Some mechanism that provides for
communication among the control unit,
ALU, and registers
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Computer Components
Contemporary computer designs are based on concepts developed by
John von Neumann at the Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton
Referred to as the von Neumann architecture and is based on three
key concepts:
Data and instructions are stored in a single read-write memory
The contents of this memory are addressable by location, without regard to
the type of data contained there
Execution occurs in a sequential fashion (unless explicitly modified) from
one instruction to the next
Hardwired program
The result of the process of connecting the various components in the
desired configuration
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Structure of von Neumann Machine
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Hardware
and Software
Approaches
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Software
• A sequence of codes or instructions Software
• Part of the hardware interprets each instruction and
generates control signals
• Provide a new sequence of codes for each new program
instead of rewiring the hardware
Major components:
• CPU I/O
• Instruction interpreter Components
• Module of general-purpose arithmetic and logic
functions
• I/O Components
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+ Input module
• Contains basic components for accepting data and
instructions and converting them into an internal form
of signals usable by the system
• Output module
• Means of reporting results
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Memory address Memory buffer MEMORY
register (MAR) register (MBR)
• Specifies the address • Contains the data to
in memory for the be written into
next read or write memory or receives
the data read from
memory
MAR
I/O address I/O buffer register
register (I/OAR) (I/OBR)
• Specifies a particular • Used for the exchange
+ I/O device of data between an
I/O module and the
CPU
MBR
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Computer
Components:
Top Level
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