HISTORY OF ORTHODONTICS

Presented by - Purva V. Jichkar

 INTRODUCTION

• The history of orthodontics has been intimately interwoven with the history of dentistry for
more than 2000 years.

• The earliest foundations of modern orthodontics-related to the concepts of beauty and ideal facial form
developed in Hellenic Greek civilization

• The term Orthodontia was coined by Le Foulon in 1839.

• Sir James Murray suggest it should be termed orthodontics in 1909.
• B.F.Dewel suggested that the term dento-facial orthopaedics be included with it as it clearly outlines
the role of speciality in 1976.

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 T H E B E G I N N I N G O F D E N T I S T RY A S A P R O F E S S I O N : E A R LY TO M I D D L E
AGES

• In 1530, Artzney Buchlein published The Little Medicinal Book for All Kinds of Diseases and
Infirmities of the Teeth, the first book devoted entirely to dentistry in Germany. The text was written for
barbers and surgeons who treated diseases of the mouth.
• In 1575, Ambroise Pare, famous French surgeon, published his Complete Works. His text included
practical information about dentistry such as tooth extraction and the treatment of tooth decay and jaw
fractures.

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 Origin and worldwide contributions in orthodontics from 400
BC to 19th century

Years Events

400BC Hippocrates era: Dental irregularities mentioned the first time

Celsus recommended the removal of milk teeth once the permanent teeth have
25 BC– 50 AD erupted, and the straightening of crooked or irregular teeth by pressure exerted with
the finger

129– 199 Galen suggested treatment of the irregular teeth by filing of the teeth to gain space

1619 Fabricius suggested extraction of teeth in case of crowding

1678-1761 First description of‘brace’orthe‘bandeau’,the forerunner of Angle’sEArchappliance given by Pierre Fauchard. Bandeau was used as a
firm arch to which irregular teeth were
tied using waxed linen or silk threads

1722– 1766 Phillip Pfaff ,a surgeon dentist, for the first time described taking the impression with sealing wax

1728– 1793 JohnHunter, a British surgeon, inspector-general of hospitals ,also worked in orthodontics and found out that milk teeth do have roots. He was also the
first to investigate growth of
mandible in animals

Om.p.Kharbanda landmark events in history of dentistry from Bc to 2010 third edition pg no 96 07/18/2024
1771 Adam Anton Brunner was the first to use an inclined plane in 1771. However, it was L. J. Catalan who propagated an inclined plane around 1808 as his
own construction

1836 Friedrich Christoph Kneisel, a German dentist, was first to use plaster models to record malocclusion. He used chin straps for correction of prognathic
mandible and hence, became the first to use a removable appliance

1841 Joachim Lefoulon, in his book used the term ‘Orthodontia’. He used an elastic gold archwire on the palatal side to treat crowding

M. Alexis Schangé described an adaptable band clamp that was fixed to the tooth using a screw; he was probably the first to realise that treatment should be
followed by a period of retention
1842 Georg Carabelli presented a novel classification of types of occlusion

1846 Claude Lachaise and Elisha Gustavus Tucker were the first to use the elasticity of rubber straps for orthodontic purposes

1859 John Tomes was the first to show remodelling processes in the alveolar bone
1872 Norman Kingsley, considered as the ‘Father of Orthodontia in USA’, lectured students on the causes and correction of malocclusion at Baltimore College
of Dental Surgery
1878–1930 EdwardH.Angle’scontributionsare
1881 Walter Harris Coffin found an innovative method for regulation of irregular teeth using a bent W spring made of piano wire embedded on both sides into
vulcanite, later replaced by acrylic
1888 John Nutting Farrar wrote on irregularities of the teeth and their treatment

1890 Intermaxillary elastics proposed by Dr Case and Dr Baker. However it became popular as Baker’s Anchorage

Om.p.Kharbanda landmark events in history of dentistry from Bc to 2010 third edition pg no 96

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 PIERRE FAUCHARD

• Father of Modern Dentistry and Fixed Appliance.

• Dr Fauchard, The Surgeon Dentist, is also known for writing the first
complete scientific description of dentistry, ‘Le Chirurgien Dentiste’,
published as early as 1728.
• Dr Fauchard described a labial arch made of ivory
for use in orthodontics.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Fauchard ; 07/18/2024
 JOACHIM LEFOULON

• Joachim Lefoulon, in his book used the term

Orthodontosie, which the Americans simplified to
‘orthodontia’ and, later, to ‘orthodontics’.
• Lefoulon, suggested malocclusion can be caused by
these factors:
(1) Constitutional differences brought about by social,
economic, and geographic conditions
(2) Prenatal conditions
(3) A disease process, such as scrofula and
(4) Abnormal pressures during the speech.

Asbell MB. A brief history of orthodontics. Am J

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Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1990;98(2):176–183: Aug;
PubMed PMID: 2198802.
 Petrus Camper (1728-1783AD)

• A Flemish artist and anatomist .

• Used a series of primate skulls and heads represented in lateral view
and constructed a method of measuring prognathism, Camper’s line
and Camper’s angle.
• Provided illustrations indicating a progression of skeletal prognathic
types, from monkeys to apes, and finally humans.
• The insidious nature of Camper’s analysis is apparent when it is
understood that among Homo sapiens, the people of obvious African
descent are inferior to the people of Middle East or Mediterranean
descent, who are in turn below European.

Asbell MB. A brief history of orthodontics. Am J

https://odf.edpsciences.org/articles/odf/abs/2009/04/odf200943
p 07/18/2024
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1990;98(2):176–183: Aug;
PubMed PMID: 2198802.
 AMERICAN DENTISTRY AND
ORTHODONTICS IN MID -19 T H
CENTURY

• Before 1910, orthodontics was taught as a branch of prosthetics, the techniques for correction of
irregular teeth with little or no emphasis on science.
• In 1839, the American Journal of Dental Science, the world’s first dental journal, had begun
publication and a year later, the world’s first dental school, the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery
was founded. The first formal dental degree, DDS degree was awarded from Baltimore.

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 NORMAN W. KINGSLEY

 He experimented with appliances for the correction of

cleft palate (1866)
 Associated with a technique known as jumping the
bite with the use of a bite plate. It was the treatment for
protrusion of the maxilla, not necessarily with extractions,
shaping the dental arches to be in harmony with each
other.
 He used vulcanite in conjunction with ligatures, elastic
bands made of rubber, jackscrews and the chin cup.

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Om.p.Kharbanda landmark events in history of dentistry from Bc to 2010 third edition pg no 114
• He is the Among first to use extraoral force to correct protruding teeth.
• He introduced the terms bite plane and occipital anchorage.
• In 1880 published ‘A Treatise on Oral Deformities’ which remained a textbook for many
years.
• Emphasized the importance of the relationship between mechanics and biology as the
principle on which orthodontics should be based
• His book was the first to recommend that etiology, diagnosis, and treatment planning
were the acceptable bases of practice. "Much success in treating irregularities will depend
upon a correct diagnosis and prognosis."."

Om.p.Kharbanda American orthodontics third edition pg no 114

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 WALTER HARRIS COFFIN

• He is student of Norman William. Kingsley.

• In 1881 he found an innovative method for
regulation of irregular teeth using a bent W spring
made of piano wire embedded on both sides into
vulcanite, later replaced by acrylic. The spring is
free to expand in the middle and thereby used as
expansion appliance to move two sides of the
alveolar process in the maxilla.

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Om.p.Kharbanda landmark events in history of dentistry from Bc to 2010 third edition pg no 115
 CROZAT APPLIANCE

Dr George B. Crozat (1893–1966) developed a

universal wire device, which is more popularly
known as Crozat appliance and Crozat retainer .
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Om.p.Kharbanda landmark events in history of dentistry from Bc to 2010 third edition pg no 115
 CONTRIBUTIONS IN ORTHODONTICS DURING
21 S T CENTURY

Years Events

1900 George B. Crozat developed a universal wire device, which is more popularly known as Crozat appliance and Crozat retainer

1908 Charles A. Hawley published ‘Determination of Normal Arch and its Application to Orthodontia’ and introduced the retainer appliance
that bears his name: Hawley’s appliance
1911 Albin Oppenheim, an Austrian-Hungarian born physician turned orthodontist, was the first to report tissue changes more so in bone
during orthodontic tooth movement. His first article on this subject was published in Vienna
1915 Albert H. Ketcham, one of the first to introduce the roentgenogram and photography into orthodontic practice
The International Journal of Orthodontia and Oral Surgery was started in 1915
John V. Mershon introduced the removable lingual arch based on the principle that teeth must be free and unrestricted for adaptation to
normal growth
1918 Alfred Rogers introduced the concept of myofunctional therapy
1921 Dr Case published his major work, ‘A Practical Treatise on the Techniques and Principle of Dental Orthopedia and Prosthetic
Correction of the Cleft Palate’
1924 Concept of orientation of face beyond teeth was introduced. Paul Simon’s Gnathostatics
1931 ‘A New X-ray Technique and its Application to Orthodontia’ This pioneering technique lead to a new era of understanding of face,
skull and science of orthodontics
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Om.p.Kharbanda landmark events in history of dentistry from Bc to 2010 third edition pg no 117
 Bolton’s point : In recognization of Mrs Chester bolton and her son Charles bolton
who manufacture of first cephalostat head holder and x-ray apparatus, which was
installed at anatomical laboratory of the Western Reserve University

1933 Dr. Andressen revived Monoblock appliance first developed by Pierre Robin in 1902 to new appliance called Activator. Dr Robert E.
Moyers and Sam Pruzansky inducted electromyography to study the effect of musculature on occlusion

Bjork’s study on normal variations and mechanism of prognathism as well as relationship between facial build and the bite in representative
material
1946 Dr Kooper established first dedicated interdisciplinary clinic for patients with cleft lip and palate and craniofacial anomalies; what is
now famous as Lancaster Cleft Centre

1950– Key contributions of Dr Charles H.Tweed :Induction of cephalometry inclinical practice 1960 and the emphasis by a number of author

1952 ‘Textbook of Functional Jaw Orthopaedics’ was released by Karl Häupl

Standardization of edgewise mechanism by Charles J. Tweed and
popularization of extraction philosophy treatment with light wire
appliance by P. R. Begg at Adelaide, Australia. Dr Begg promoted
1960– 1970 reduction of tooth substance by extractions and created modified
Ribbon Arch bracket, and multiple-loop light-force wire appliance,
known as Begg’s Light wire technique. His book was first published
in 1965
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Om.p.Kharbanda landmark events in history of dentistry from Bc to 2010 third edition pg no 117
 Ricketts also developed the quad helix,
utility arches, sectionalisation and most
significantly, bioprogressive philosophy, a
biological approach to diagnosis and
treatment. He recognised and used facial
proportions to treat dental and skeletal
problems called the Divine Proportion
CF Andrews introduced straight wire
appliance

1969 Newman introduced bonding in orthodontics

1980– The duo of clinicians McLaughlin and Bennett, made the MB(McLaughlin–
Bennett)
1990 appliance popular. The MB prescription was later further modified by Trevisi and is
now
widely known as MBT prescription
1987 Ceramic brackets first introduced in the market

1990s Temporary anchorage devices (TADs) another game changer in orthodontic

practice with a successful case report by Creekmore and Eklund
1990 DIGI-CEPH, computerised cephalometric analysis system, developed at All India
Institute of Medical Sciences in collaboration with Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)
New Delhi

Om.p.Kharbanda landmark events in history of 07/18/2024

dentistry from Bc to 2010 third edition pg no 117
 EDWARD HARTLEY ANGLE(1855-1930)

• The most dominant, dynamic, and influential figure in

the specialty of orthodontics.
• Through his leadership, orthodontics separated from the
other branches of dentistry (e.g., crown and bridge,
prosthetics), and the result was the specialty of
orthodontics.
• Angle was the first to limit his practice to orthodontics
• In 1878, Angle received his DDS degree from the
Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery.

FATHER OF
MODERN 07/18/2024

ORTHODONTICS
 • His classification of malocclusion was published in the
the Dental Cosmos in 1899.
• The next year, he organized the first school of
orthodontia— The Angle School of Orthodontia at St.
Louis.
• the members organized the first orthodontic the
members society - "The Society of Orthodontists.”
• In 1935, the society adopted the name it bears today:
The American Association of Orthodontists (AAO).
• He developed several appliances Pin and tube ,
E arch appliance by E. H. Angle was
Ribbon arch and finally the best gift to orthodontic
introduced in 1887.
profession, the Edgewise appliance
The adjustable clamp bands closely adapted to the
teeth. The E arch appliance was used to expand • The edgewise appliance with its modifications is still
the arches. in use as the mainstay fixed appliance around the
world.

Om.p.Kharbanda contribution of Edward angle third edition pg no 125,127 07/18/2024

Pin and tube appliance (1910) was Ribbon arch appliance in 1915 replaced
developed to control movement of the tooth cumbersome pin and tube appliance, where
root. soldering was replaced with brass pins in a slot cut
The wire was inserted from occlusal direction in the tube contemporary to edgewise bracket.
and held in a vertical tube with pins soldered The rectangular wire was held in place in a ribbon
on wire. mode with pins.

Om.p.Kharbanda contribution of Edward angle third edition pg no 125,127

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 He edgewise appliance of 0.022 ‘X0.028’ slot was
introduced by Angle. It was described in a series of
articles in Dental Cosmos, 1928 and 1929.

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Om.p.Kharbanda contribution of Edwardangle third edition
 CALVIN S. CASE (1847-1923)

• His interest in orthodontics, devising original appliances and the use of

intermaxillary elastics (a technique for which both he and Baker were to claim
originality)
• He developed a classification of malocclusion that included 26 divisions.
• It was his reintroduction of the concept that the removal of certain teeth will
enable the correction of malocclusion and improve general health and comfort
that proved to be a "bombshell.”
• He developed a technique for root movement, introduced movement, introduced
the use of rubber elastics, pioneered the use of retainers and was the first to use
thinner and resilient wires for tooth movement.
• He introduced the use of plaster casts of the face to illustrate different kinds of
facial features.
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Om.p.Kharbanda contribution of Edward angle third edition

 Viggo Andresen, in the year 1933, introduced Craniostat developed by Holly B. Broadbent
the Activator and the philosophy of functional and T. Wingate Todd as a precursor to the
jaw orthopaedics was born. first cepahlometric head holder.
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Om.p.Kharbanda landmark events in history of dentistry from Bc to 2010 third edition

Charles H. Tweed (June 24, 1890–January Robert Murray Ricketts (May 5, 1920–June
1970), the man who talked about growth trends, 17, 2003), inventor of bioprogressive therapy,
judicious extraction based on Tweed triangle and computerisation in cephalometry, divine
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mastered the use of edgewise appliance proportions and growth prediction.
introduced by his guru E. H. Angle.
Lawrence Andrews known for six keys William C. Clark, a practicing orthodontist in
to normal occlusion and developing Fife Scotland is known for inventing Twin
the straight wire appliance (SWA). block appliance in 1977.
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Om.p.Kharbanda landmark events in history of dentistry from Bc to 2010 third edition

 ROBERTIC ORTHODONTICS

Dr Rohit Sachdeva is the cofounder

of Orametrix Inc. (OraMetrix Inc.,
Richardson, TX, USA) who
developed the Suresmile system.
OraMetrix Inc. was founded in 1998.
This was the first such commercial
venture with robotic wire bent wire
supplies in the USA with the name His collaborative research culminated in the
development of both copper nickel–titanium and
Suresmile/Orametrix titanium niobium alloys and titanium brackets for use
in orthodontics. He owns over 90 patents. Sachdeva
co-founded the OraMetrix Inc.
and developed the Suresmile system.
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Sachdeva RC. SureSmile technology in a patient— centered orthodontic practice. J Clin Orthod.
2001;35(4):245–253: Apr; PubMed PMID: 11345571.
https://www.suresmile.com/about-orametrix/.
 ORTHODONTICS BEYOND 2020

• The current trend in orthodontics is heading towards plaster-free clinics wherein intraoral
scanners are in use. Intra oral scanners permit 3D scanning of dental structures, which helps to
produce digital models, virtual planning and print plastic models.
• The integration of skeletal morphology obtained from CBCT, 3D non- radiation imaging of face
(3D-MD), and volume rendering allows planning in three dimensions and permits visualisation
of effects of various orthodontic/ortho surgical treatment on face
• The modern office is also likely to use clear aligners, customised appliances and devices to
enhance the rate of orthodontic tooth movement which may include the use of low-level lasers,
some vibration devices or even drugs.
• Author’s hypothetical concept would include developing a micro sensor that will be placed in
the mouth to monitor and control orthodontics from a remote location by an orthodontist!

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 ORTHODONTICS IN INDIA

• The beginning of orthodontics in

India was made in 1935, as Dr.
H.D.Merchant gave the first series
of lectures in orthodontics at the
Nair Hospital Dental College.
• He is considered to be the “the
father of Indian orthodontics”. The
first department of orthodontics
properly established in 1939 in Nair
Dental College under him.
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Om.p.Kharbanda lorthodontics in india third edition
Dr. N.H. Parikh (1957) Introduced Dr. A.B. Modi Introduced Frankel’s
Jarabak’s Technique Appliance and functional appliances.
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Om.p.Kharbanda lorthodontics in india third edition
 Dr. Prem Prakash
In 1954 Introduced edgewise appliance
In 1963 Introduced beggs technique. 07/18/2024
Om.p.Kharbanda orthodontics in india third edition
• The Post-Graduate courses were started at the Bombay colleges in 1959
simultaneously at Nair Hospital Dental College and Government Dental
College and Hospital in Mumbai. Both colleges were affiliated with
University of Bombay.
• By the 1970s, the number increased to seven dental schools that offered MDS
course in orthodontics with 31 admissions/year. Half of these belonged to the
two dental colleges in Bombay .
• The dental profession and education showed steady growth until the 1980s
and showed incredible growth during 1990s with private entrepreneurs taking
the lead. The number of postgraduate departments grew to 48 in 2005,
reaching an enormous strength of 186 by 2014.
• MDS orthodontics programme at AIIMS, New Delhi began in 1986 as full
time three years program on similar regulations for MS/MD of medical
disciplines.

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 INDIAN ORTHODONTICS SOCIETY

• The Indian Orthodontic Society was established on Friday the 5th October 1965 at MumbaI with (Late) Dr.
H.D.Merchant as the Founder President and Dr. Parikh as the Founder Secretary and Treasure
• The First Annual Conference of the Indian Orthodontic Society was held along with the Indian Dental
Conference during January 1967 at New Delhi with a scientific session.
• The quarterly publication of the Journal of Indian Orthodontic society (JIOS) was started by
Dr.H.D.Merchant as the first Editor.
• In 1996, first Post Graduate Student Convention was conducted in Mangalore, to expose the postgraduate
students of the entire country to a cross section of teachers on different facets of orthodontics.
• In 1999, the Indian Board of Orthodontics, first dental specialty to establish a professional certifying board
in India, was formed and the first specialty Board Examination was conducted on 29th September at
Bangalore.

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McLaughlin RP, Bennett JC, Trevisi HJ. A clinical review of the MBTTM orthodontic treatment program. Orthodont Perspect.
 • First SAARC orthodontic conference was held in Delhi in
2009 and the first Asian Pacific Orthodontic Conference too
in Delhi in 2013
• Indian Orthodontic Society in collaboration with World
Implant Orthodontic Society hosted the 8th World Implant
Orthodontic Conference in 2016.

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McLaughlin RP, Bennett JC, Trevisi HJ. A clinical review of the MBTTM orthodontic treatment program. Orthodont Perspect.
 CONCLUSION

• Orthodontics has achieved the status of a recognized specialty of dentistry because of a

long period of craftsmanship and professional expertise.
• Our objective has always been to provide for the preservation of dental health through
the conservation of oral structures and the maintenance of dental function.
• Orthodontics, and indeed all of dentistry if it is to survive Orthodontics, and indeed as a
profession, must continually reexamine its history and find relevant and significant
ideals to meet the crises and find relevant of today.

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 REFRENCES

• Om.p.Kharbanda landmark events in history of dentistry from Bc to 2010 third edition pg no 96

• Om.p.Kharbanda landmark events in history of dentistry from Bc to 2010 third edition pg no114
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Fauchard
• Asbell MB. A brief history of orthodontics. Am J
• https://odf.edpsciences.org/articles/odf/abs/2009/04/odf200943
• Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1990;98(2):176–183: Aug;
• McLaughlin RP, Bennett JC, Trevisi HJ. A clinical review of the MBTTM orthodontic treatment program. Orthodont Perspect
• Om.p.Kharbanda orthodontics in india third edition
• Sachdeva RC. SureSmile technology in a patient— centered orthodontic practice. J Clin Orthod. 2001;35(4):245–253: Apr; PubMed PMID:
11345571.
• https://www.suresmile.com/about-orametrix/.

• Om.p.Kharbanda contribution of Edwardangle third edition

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THANK YOU

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